susu

SUPERVISOR : NGUYEN OANH VU














GROUP'S MEMBERS :
* Le Xuan Uyen Phuong
* Chau Thi Ngoc Thuy
* Chiem Man Nhi
* Vo Thi Nhu Quynh







Vietnam has long had one of the highest abortion rates ( the age ranging from 16 to 25 )in the world and the number of abortions has been on the rise. According to national health statistics, 760,000 abortions were carried out in 1989, 1.3 million in 1994. Its best known hospital - Ho Chi Minh City's Tu Du Hospital - reports some 33,000 abortions per year. And five per cent of those cases involve patients under the age of 18 in late phase of pregnancy. Recently, hospitals in HaNoi, Nam Dinh, Hoa Binh and Ho Chi Minh City surveyed some 1,800 women who had abortions. Their results indicate that 50 per cent suffered bacterial infections as post-abortion consequence, 47 per cent had abortions that were dangerous to their health, 11 per cent had abortions without pre-surgery care and 57 per cent did not receive post-surgery follow-up. Finally, 10 per cent experienced catastrophic consequences after the abortions. Morever , Vietnam is also undergoing a family planning crisis that has made its abortion rate one of the highest in the world. Forty percent of all pregnancies in Vietnam are terminated, according to the U.N. Population Fund, with about 1.4 million abortions performed in the country during the past year . However , experts say the actual abortion rate is much higher , as the government does not record abortion perfomed in private facilities . For example ,in Ho Chi Minh City, hundreds of women go to "private rooms" to have abortions, many of them under the age of 18, and their number keeps growing . Furthermore , the use of abortion as a method of birth control is widespread and growing in Vietnam, according to government and foreign experts. There were more than 1.1 million abortions reported last year -- four times the number that government planners had set as the national target .
This following table is Wm. Robert Johnston's historical abortion statistics on 25 October 2008 .

year live births live births, estimated abortions, reported abortions, estimated abortions, residents, in country only abortions, residents, obtained abroad abortions, residents, total miscarriages fetal deaths abortion ratio abortion % abortion
rate,
residents
residents, in/out of country all in country residents, in/out of country all in country
75 5.0
76 70281 (70281) (70281)
77 (105000)
78 (130000)
79 (170000)
80 (170000) 15.0
81 (180000)
82 (195000) 11.0
83 (270000)
84 (365000) 13.9
85 (510000)
86 1700225 (650000) 382.3 27.7 24.8
87 1712998 811176 (811176) (811176) 473.5 473.5 32.1 32.1
88 1697504 805000 474.2 32.2 26.8
89 1973665 760000 385.1 27.8
90 1980374 1023000 516.6 34.1 66.4
91 1130000 1130000 (1130000) (1130000) 71.1
92 1336017 1340000 (1336017) (1336017) 100.1
93 1370000 1370000 (1370000) (1370000) 81.3
94 2148000 1112285 1300000 (1112285) (1112285) 22200 517.8 605.2 34.1 37.7 80.2
95 1376000 1133009 1400000 (1133009) (1133009) 66249 823.4 1017.4 45.2 50.4 78.6
96 1001532 (1960000) 1217979 1520000 (1217979) (1217979) 39755 621.4 775.5 38.3 43.7 83.3
97 893158 1123620 (325100) (1123620) (1123620) 43730 1258.0 1258.0 55.7 55.7 18.0
98 1031399 934293 (1400000) (934293) (934293) 35161 905.9 1357.4 47.5 57.6
99 786677 (900000) (786677) (786677) 33552
00 688029 (688029) (688029) 30865
01 1697000 1000000 589.3 37.1
02 (367500) 20.0
03 (1598212) 540400 338.1 25.3 26.0
04
05 1648000 500000 303.4 23.3
2006 114000
07
08
year live births live births, estimated abortions, reported abortions, estimated abortions, residents, in country only abortions, residents, obtained abroad abortions, residents, total miscarriages fetal deaths abortion ratio abortion % abortion
rate,
residents
residents, in/out of country all in country residents, in/out of country all in country

Notes :
• Live births.
• Abortions, reported includes legal reported induced abortions.
• Abortions, residents, in country only includes reported abortions obtained within the country by residents only.
• Abortions, residents, obtained abroad includes reported abortions by country residents obtained in other countries.
• Abortions, residents, total includes reported abortions by residents, obtained both within the country and abroad.
• Fetal deaths generally includes fetal deaths or stillbirths of at least 20 weeks` gestation.
• Miscarriages generally includes spontaneous fetal losses/ abortions, fetal deaths, or stillbirths, regardless of gestation period.
• Abortion ratio is abortions per 1000 live births.
• Abortion % is abortions as percentage of pregnancies (excluding fetal deaths/miscarriages).
• Abortion rate is abortions per 1000 women ages 15-44.
This table ranges from 1975 to 2008 .

Many experts in population field thinks that this rate is on the rise . Why ?

According to many recent studies, there are several popular reasons that cause abortion among the young (16 under 25) in Vietnam.
First of all, lacking knowledge about the sex relationship can be taken into consideration the main one. These days, not many schools have taken sex education in a subject for the young students, so the students have no knowledge of sex, they also find hard even though the information is very common on the media: Internet, radios, magazines .I think it will be better if the students are guided by the teachers. For somehow, sitting for hours at the Internet shop or going out to buy the magazines to learn about sex information is the big problem to the young .If sex education is considered a compulsory subject that the students have to learn, this must give them more confidence and motivation because they think it is normal as their friend know they are finding out sex information. Particularly the survey about sex education has been done and when one hundred students are asked to the same question “what do you think of searching sex information on the Internet?” 75 their answers are “I feel extremely shy and I find it difficult to do”. Therefore, they have no preparation when they have sex, they don’t use condom for instance or take functional medicines like contraception as well to avoid the unwanted pregnancy.
When asked why they had not used contraception, some of the Vietnamese women explained that they are expected to be virgins when they marry -- seeking family planning would disclose that they are sexually active. Also, not using contraception was perceived as a sign of fidelity and confidence that a relationship would lead to marriage. Some young women explained that they did not know that condoms protect against pregnancy as well as sexually transmitted diseases, while others thought that oral contraceptives cause permanent infertility. Ninety-three percent said they could have avoided pregnancy if they had been better informed about sexuality and contraception.
Lack of access to contraceptive services is one reason for increasing rates of abortion among young women in Vietnam, where abortion is legal and widely available. In Hanoi, 90 percent of 259 women who had undergone abortion were ages 15 to 24 years, one study found. Although 78 percent of the young women knew about family planning, only 26 percent had used a method -- predominantly condoms or withdrawal -- and they used those methods inconsistently or incorrectly.In addition to, since most of the Family Planning Program in Vietnam often focuses only on married couples, not for young, single women or men. So, the young people do not receive sexuality education, and do not know how and where to get contraceptive methods or to obtain family planning services.
Actually, many are not aware of they are pregnant. An interview has been conducted in May –August 2005, interviewed 60 women in eight health facilities in Vietnam .It found that 80% of those interviewed had failed to recognize they were pregnant. Some women even did not notice that their period had not come and some who were not using any contraception did not think that they will get pregnant because of irregular sexual intercourse. Not recognizing the signs of pregnancy, delay decision –making and seek abortion later in the pregnancy, which puts them at greater risk. They seek an illegal abortion, often from an untrained person under unsafe conditions, or they try dangerous ways to induce an abortion themselves by drinking gasoline or detergent, taking drug overdoses, douching with bleaches or even inserting objects into their vaginas.
Thirdly, lacking advices from their parents is one of reason why people get abortion. Some surveys have shown that up to 61 per cent of families did not educate their children about sexual health and relationships because either they believed the children were not mature enough to understand or the parents found it too sensitive to talk about.”You are too young for that, you do not need to know” and “focus more on your studies”.When the young suffer the pregnancy, they are afraid of their parents; they don’t want to talk with them. They try to solve the problem themselves. They are afraid, ashamed or desperate; many young people are willing to risk their lives to end an unwanted pregnancy. In this case, decision of abortion is thought the only one way to help them escape from problem. Even they don’t care much what if the abortion goes wrong because they are too young to burden for what they did .Many researches said that thousands of women died for having abortion.
The fourth one I want to mention here is the people’s awareness/people’s thinking. Many situations have happened and caused the moving results for sex selection .Although we are in the twentieth –one century, many people still have old –fashioned ideas about sexism. They follow the ancient thinking from their ancestor for long time .The old people have something wrong in their mind:” one boy child is better than a dozen girls”. That is a reason why many couples make decision to have abortion just because their parents want to have their grand child is boy baby not girl baby at all. Sometimes we see that the young couples they want to have the first baby is the boy, they get abortion as decision. Nowadays ultrasound scans have become very popular in Vietnam. They are used for both to screen for fetal anomalies and sometimes for sex determination. Many pregnant women learn their child’s sex by their 15th week.
Another reason is that the young people these days are influenced by the western life. Their thinking is against that of Vietnamese. They think simply about marriage. They like freedom in sex problem. They can make friend, fall in love and have sex relationship together. If the girl is pregnant, she can have abortion easily. Nothing can change their life. The views of male partners often influence women's decisions about whether to keep or terminate a pregnancy. Two-thirds of the men who knew about their partners' pregnancies advised them to abort. While only 31 percent of men helped women find someone to perform the abortion, nearly 50 percent were prepared to pay for the procedure.

In about 20% of the cases in that same study, the women had needed a month or more to make decision, due to difficulties reconciling conflicting social norms or their socio-economic situation with their desires regarding pregnancy. This happens commonly among the young and unmarried women .One of them said that she would not be able to return her homeland if her pregnancy was discovered, and another young woman said her parents would kill them if they knew that she had had sexual intercourse and become pregnant.
In Ho Chi Minh City, where many young women choose to have abortions, a doctor wrote to Thanh Nien online telling the story of a 13-year-old girl who was in her 10th week of pregnancy and on whom she performed an abortion. "There is no choice involved. Many of the young women have to do it because they cannot carry their pregnancy to term," he said. "They are 17 or 18 and have not yet finished high school. Many don't want their families to know they are pregnant and so face the problem alone.
Vietnam currently has one of the highest levels of abortion in the world. Its best known hospital— Ho Chi Minh City's Tu Du Hospital—reports some 33,000 abortions per year. And five per cent of those cases involve patients under the age of 18 in late phase of pregnancy. On the practical level, the experts agreed that it is time for society, schools and families to provide sex education for the young people.



Abortion client information (aged 17-24):


No .of clients
Marital status
-Married 19
-Unmarried 65
Type of visit
-Visit health facilities foe abortion 66
-Revisited health facilities for checking up after abortion 18
Incidence of previous abortions
-1st abortion 81
-2nd abortion 3
Type of abortion
-Surgical abortion 71
-Medical abortion 13

Total of interviewed clients 84

Sao bận thế này...
Nhưng sao mình cũng lười thế này !
Hic...

The reasons, the numbers and the consequences are concerned above but have you ever had the way to reduce this status? Everyone will ask the same question like that if they see the truth about the abortion in nowadays. There are some solutions to minimize the abortion among the young.
Firstly, individual (the young): self- education by getting information to avoid the abortion and should be more conscious.
The educational level and occupations impact on seeking induced abortion services. Following the changing of Vietnamese society, the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of youths also transfer to the trend of the current social development. The number of induced abortion outside marriage is increasing avoidably.


Secondly, government: should invest money into sex-education courses, supply the knowledge about the abortion and increase their awareness. There should be some organizations to help the health women and to have some programs to reduce the rate os abortion. Such as: Ipas is a global organisation focusing on reproductive health and rights, aiming to reduce maternal deaths from unsafe abortion. With offices in 20 countries particularly in Africa and Latin America and the Carribean, Ipas performs advocacy, training, research, and direct support services, among many others. Ipas has been promoting a woman- centered comprehensive abortion care approach that takes into account the various factors that influence a woman’s individual health needs— both physical and mental—as well as her personal circumstances and her ability to access services. For more information, visit the Ipas website:http:// www.ipas.org
Preventing unwanted pregnancy
Abortion rate should regard as a failure indicator in family planning program, in order to research innovation approach of provision and distribution of adequate and effective FP services for anyone who want to use it (both married and unmarried couple in reproductive ages)

Information provision
The IEC program needs to emphasize on the health risk from induced abortion widely in the community, and to provide information as well as counseling about of modern contraceptive methods for all targets in reproductive ages.


Thirdly, family: the parent should pay more attentions, more cares to the young and give them the help before everything too late. the parents and educationers are more conservative view than youth are. Their dogmatic actions sometimes are a result in clandestine abortion from girl’s students.
http://www.isiswomen.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1137&Itemid=200
http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/Bangkok2002/15BangkokHoang&Nguyen.pdf

Vietnam has long had one of the highest abortion rates ( the age ranging from 16 to 25 )in the world and the number of abortions has been on the rise. According to national health statistics, 760,000 abortions were carried out in 1989, 1.3 million in 1994. Its best known hospital - Ho Chi Minh City's Tu Du Hospital - reports some 33,000 abortions per year. And five per cent of those cases involve patients under the age of 18 in late phase of pregnancy. Recently, hospitals in HaNoi, Nam Dinh, Hoa Binh and Ho Chi Minh City surveyed some 1,800 women who had abortions. Their results indicate that 50 per cent suffered bacterial infections as post-abortion consequence, 47 per cent had abortions that were dangerous to their health, 11 per cent had abortions without pre-surgery care and 57 per cent did not receive post-surgery follow-up. Finally, 10 per cent experienced catastrophic consequences after the abortions.Morever , Vietnam is also undergoing a family planning crisis that has made its abortion rate one of the highest in the world. Forty percent of all pregnancies in Vietnam are terminated, according to the U.N. Population Fund, with about 1.4 million abortions performed in the country during the past year . However , experts say the actual abortion rate is much higher , as the government does not record abortion perfomed in private facilities . For example ,in Ho Chi Minh City, hundreds of women go to "private rooms" to have abortions, many of them under the age of 18, and their number keeps growing .

( ...for more details , please visit these folowing websites

http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=5142
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/27187.php )

Detailed outline : ( of the body )

1.The rate of abortion in Vietnam:
-According to the Vietnam Family Planning Association and the National Committee for Population, Family and Children ,the country has one of the world's highest abortion rates. About 1.4 million abortions are performed annually in the country, which has a population of 82 million.
- According to national health statistics 760,000 abortions were carried out in 1989, 1.3 million in 1994 and 1.4 million in 1995.
2 . There are several popular reasons that cause abortion among the young [ 16-under 25 ] in Vietnam :

- lack knowledge .
- lack awareness .
- lack parents’care / attention / society’s education .
- affected by the western lifestyle / friends’lifestyle .
3 . When abortion is getting more and more popular nowsaday , it leads to many bad consequences that affect abortionists ( themselves ) , family and society :
- abortionists : + physical and emotional aspects
+ social aspects ( relationship / job )

- family : + financial problems
+ psychology

- society : + tradional values
+ the develop ment of economy

4 . Some solutions should be found out as soon as possible to minimize the abortion among the young [ 16-under 25 ]. - individual( the young): self- education by getting information to avoid the abortion and should be more conscious .
- government :should invest money into sex-education courses , supply the knowledge about the abortion and increase their awareness .

-family : the parent should pay more attentions ,more cares to the young and give them the help before everything too late .