I believe I can do it !

灵璧一中高中英语组 • 234200 • 杨捷
2009年是安徽省实行新课程改革以后的高考“元年”，英语科增添了“任务型读写”，这是《2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试安徽省英语科考试说明》（以下简称《考试说明》）中最明显的变化。依据《考试说明》，该题型采用“短文+表格”的形式，考查学生对所读短文的有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括的能力。要求考生在阅读理解的基础上，对阅读信息进行二次加工，归纳要点，整合零散信息，并根据表格的形式把加工后的信息准确有序地表达出来。
一、“任务型读写”的命题特点
以下是《考试说明》中的样题：
四：考查写作
（一） 任务型读写
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在文章后的填上恰当的单词。注意：表格中的每个空格只填1个单词。
The local university blood center had a blood drive today at the Civic Center. Almost 300 people showed up, but about 50 were turned away for various medical reasons. 50 others left because the lines were moving so slowly. The event concluded at 6：00 pm, three hours after the scheduled close. It was a long day for everyone-administrators, nurses, and donors（捐献者）. But there were plenty of chairs and tables, and many people brought their own books, magazines, or newspapers.
The first thing the donors had to do, of course , was fill out the donor registration(登记) and screening form. When they finished filling out the form, they waited until a nurse called them to her desk. The average adult body contains 8 to 12 pints（品脱） of blood. Donors can give one pint at a time. It takes your body 2 to 4 weeks to replace this amount. Most donors filled up the pint bag within 5 to 10 minutes.
Before leaving, the donors received a sheet of instructions including: Do not lift any heavy objects for 12 hours. Leave your pressure bandage on for 2~3 hours. Do not smoke for at least 30 minutes. Avoid alcohol for the rest of the day. Do not do any laborious activity for 24 hours.
“I wish I could hug and kiss all the volunteers that are here today,” said Martha, the blood center donor organizers. “Many donors fail to see the importance of what they’re doing. They think it is no big deal, but it is a big deal. Their blood is actually saving lives, helping other people to live, which will lead to a more harmonious society. We cannot thank them enough for that, nor can those who receive blood.”
Title Blood Drive at Civic Centre
(1) ____________ The Civic Centre
Number of people who donated blood About (2) ___
Reasons why part of the people present didn’t give blood ● (3) in the medical test
● Waiting too long
Process ● Fill out the donor registeration and screening form.
●Wait for their (4) _________ to give blood
●Give blood
(5) of blood one person gives One pint at a time
(6) for people who have given blood ● Don’t lift heavy things within 12 hours
● Leave the pressure bandage on for 2 – 3 hours.
● (7) smoking for not less than 30 minutes
● Don’t perform any laborious activity for a (8) day
People’s (9) towards the blood drive Enthusiastic, positive and concerned
(10) of donating blood ●Saving other people’s lives
●Contributing to a more harmonious society
答案：1. Place/Where 2. 200 3. Failing/Failure 4. turns 5. Amount/Quantity 6. Instructions/Tips/Suggestions/Advice 7.Avoid/No 8. whole 9. attitude(s) 10. Importance/Meaning/Significance
通过分析样题，可看出“任务型读写”的命题有如下特点：
1.样题采用“短文+表格”的形式。重点考查学生语篇理解、信息转化及书面表达能力，是读写结合的综合题型。考生要把握文章的篇章结构、主题要义和重要细节，分析主题要义与重要细节间的关系及细节内部之间的关系，还要文表结合、斟字酌句准确表达。整体上遵循从输入（读短文）到输出（填表格）的语言学习规律。
2.样题选材符合学生阅读理解及书面表达水平。短文300字左右。表格内共设10个小题，考查篇章结构主题要义的有1、5、6、9、10等五个，考查重要细节的有2、3、4、7、8等，也是五个。
3.样题答题不苛求答案的唯一性，同一内容可用不同的字词来表达。样题的10个小题中有多达6个小题给2—4可接受为正确的答案。这样有利于学生水平的发挥。

二、“任务型读写”的解题策略

从命题内容看，“任务型读写”融合了字、词、句、篇、文体等多层次的要求；其意图是促进学生发展综合运用语言的能力。从《考试说明》下发以来的教学的实践看，答好这类题需要行之有效的策略。

1. 理解语篇，梳理文脉，概括要义

从宏观上看，理解语篇是从整体上理解文章主题（theme）和各段大意（topic）。学生需调动头脑中已有的内容图式（content schemata）和形式图式（formal schemata）并运用思维与语篇交互作用，辨明主旨与细节。从较早采用此类题型的江苏等省的经验看，该题选材多为说明文和议论文。短文结构完整，文脉清晰，层次分明。学生可利用有关不同体裁文章的文体知识提高阅读时的针对性。如，若文章是说明文（exposition），那么它的主题是什么？作者用什么方式、从那几个方面进行介绍、说明的？作者有没有提出什么建议或说明会产生什么后果？如果文章是议论文(argumentation)，那么文章的论点是什么？作者用什么方法、从哪几方面进行论的？如果是叙述文（narration），那么5W（when,where, who ,what, why）的信息是阅读是关注的中心！
样题的短文选材从整体上看为叙述文,叙述“a blood drive today at the Civic Center”，其中夹杂说明文字。第2、3段介绍说明献血流程和注意事项时，语篇衔接词的使用使得文脉清晰：The first thing the donors had to do… When they finished filling out the form,… Before leaving,…。通篇把握可知：第1段，综述a blood drive at the Civic Center，交代了时间、地点、人物、事件等信息；第2、3段介绍说明献血流程和注意事项；第4段，引用活动组织者的话说明捐血的重大意义。
值得一提的是，利用表格，文表结合也是理解文章的结构好办法：表格分左右两列，归纳概括各段大意的关键字词居左列；而具体要点和细节则在右列。
2. 归纳总结，整零聚散，列队排序
有了宏观的把握后，接下来要整合零散细节，分辨细节的功能，理顺细节与主题大意、细节与细节之间的逻辑关系。样题表格的第4、5、7、9行左列的大意分别有2-4个平行的支持细节，表格中用●示意：
Reasons why part of the people present didn’t give blood ● (3) in the medical test
● Waiting too long
Process ● Fill out the donor registeration and screening form.
●Wait for their (4) _________ to give blood
●Give blood
(6)_____ for people who have given blood ● Don’t lift heavy things within 12 hours
● Leave the pressure bandage on for 2 – 3 hours.
● (7) ________ smoking for not less than 30 minutes
● Don’t perform any laborious activity for a (8) _____ day
(10) _______of donating blood ●Saving other people’s lives
●Contributing to a more harmonious society
3. 前呼后应，左顾右盼，斟字酌句
从完成任务角度说，如果第1、2步的理解是基础的话，那么准确表达出来就是关键了。准确表达依赖前呼后应，左顾右盼的眼神和斟字酌句的语言功底。“前呼后应、左顾右盼”，即以先纵向后横向的方式读表，再回读短文，“斟字酌句”，力求表达对称准确。
纵向看样题表格 “Title→(10) _______of donating blood”，缺词空格处填名词为宜，且需大写首字母；“● (3) in the medical test→●Contributing to a more harmonious society”，缺词处填动词为宜，也要大写首字母；再细一步，“● (3) in the medical test”与 “● Waiting too long”平行，可知(3) 填动词的-ing形式；“● Don’t lift heavy things within 12 hours，● Leave the pressure bandage on for 2 – 3 hours.，● (7) smoking for not less than 30 minutes，● Don’t perform any laborious activity for a (8) day”四者平行，故 (7) 填动词的原形。所填词的大小写，动词形态，名词的单复数等细节往往决定答题成败。
横向看表格，每行的左右两列形成互推关系以第8行为例，如下图所示：
● Don’t lift heavy things within 12 hours
(6)_____ for people ● Leave the pressure bandage on for 2 – 3 hours.
who have given blood ● (7) ________ smoking for not less than 30 minutes
● Don’t perform any laborious activity for a (8) ____day
从右向左，可推知 (6)_____内填 Instructions/Tips/Suggestions/Advice才是概括这四个细节的恰当措辞；从左向右看，“● (7) ________ smoking for not less than 30 minutes”和其它3个同为支持细节，回到原文查读到“Do not smoke for at least 30 minutes. Avoid alcohol for the rest of the day. …”，字句推敲，加工处理可知 (7) ________填 Avoid再好不过了。又如，表格中第4行，要完成 “● (3) in the medical test”，文字加工的语言表达技能有更高要求，需要完全理解“Almost 300 people showed up, but about 50 were turned away for various medical reasons.”后重新组织语言。
三、结语
“任务型读写”这一新题型在我省采用，对广大师生提出了新的目标和要求。然而，只要大家在平时学习中，尤其在课文学习时，将培养阅读技能与语言知识学习并重；练习时多揣摩、多实践答题技巧，就有足够的信心在高考中灵活地运用知识，展现技能。

参考文献：
1. 安徽省教育招生考试院 安徽省教育科学研究院 《2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试安徽卷考试说明(理科•课程标准实验版)》，黄山书社 ，2009年
2. 刘庆思 “从试卷设计看高考英语科对阅读理解能力的考查” ，《中小学英语教学与研究》2008年第5期