From Oz to Oslo

Tales and tidbits from an Australian living in Norway

Norway in World War II

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This year marks 70 years since the invasion of Norway by Nazi occupying forces in 1940. Even more significant, one week ago - 8 May - heralded the 65th anniversary of Norway's liberation at the end of the second World War.
I did not learn very much about World War II during school, and had no idea until I moved here that further-flung countries such as Norway had been involved. I won't pretend that I can cover much here in-depth, but in honour of this significant date I wanted to share some of the main points of Norway's experience during the war. (Right: German troops marching down the main street of Oslo, with the Norwegian parliament building in the background.)

Background
As with many things, the roots of the second World War can be found by looking at the first. Norway maintained a policy of neutrality during World War I and the post-war years, and only saw a need to strengthen its military when tensions grew in Europe in the late 1930s. Endeavouring to remain neutral, Norway negotiated favourable trade treaties both with the United Kingdom and Germany, but both these countries had a strategic interest in denying the other access to Norway. Norway was important to Germany for two primary reasons: access to British waters and for possible invasion of Britain, and transportation of its wintertime shipments of iron ore from Sweden (for steel and weapons production) through Norway's ice-free port of Narvik.

In March 1940, Britain drew plans for invasion, to cut off iron ore transport and ultimately destroy the Swedish supplies. Britain also wished to lay mines along Norway's extensive coastline, but plans were postponed due arguments among the Allied forces and protests from neutral Norway. By that time, German forces were already on the way. They attacked by sea and air early in the morning of 9 April. Most of Norway's plans to increase its military strength had not been completed in time. Local res-istance and Allied counter-attacks, plus the sinking of the German heavy cruiser Blucher at Drobak, delayed the capture of Oslo just long enough to allow the Norwegian government and royal family to escape. Norway was soon overpowered. By the end of May, Allied troops were withdrawn from Norway to fight the quickly advancing German offensive in France, leaving Norway to Nazi occupation. Norway was the most heavily fortified country during the war: several hundred thousand German soldiers were stationed here, with one German soldier for every eight Norwegians. (Left: German soldiers outside National Theater in Oslo.)

A key figure in the Nazi occupation of Norway was Vidkun Quisling, who was leader of the Norwegian Nazi party prior to the invasion and tried to persuade Hitler to let him form a new government under Nazi leadership (shown right, with Hitler). Hitler was unconvinced and wanted the current government to continue; nonetheless, Quisling declared himself prime minister on national radio on the first day of the invasion, and the Germans had little other choice for leader when the Norwegian government fled. Quisling tried to win the trust of both sides but never gained significant support (below is some of his propaganda, asking people to join him for 'a new Norway'), and the Norwegian government ruling in exile from London undermined the legitimacy of leadership. To this day, 'quisling' is a dirty word in Norway, and has since made it into the English dictionary as a synonym for traitor.

Jewish Persecution
As with all other occupied countries, Norway's 2,173 Jewish people were persecuted. The first measure taken against the Jews in May 1941 was the confiscation of their radios. After ongoing harassment and violence, all Jewish men over the age of 15 were arrested on 26 October 1942 and their property confiscated; a sweep on Jewish women and children followed one month later. 775 Jews were detained or deported during the war. 742 died in concentration camps (345 Jews from one ship to Auschwitz were executed immediately upon arrival), and 23 died as a result of extra-judicial execution or suicide during the war - totalling 765 Jewish Norwegians, or 230 entire households.

Resistance
Also like other Nazi occupied countries, a local resistance front grew. Earlier counter-attacks and assaults shortly after the invasion were improvised and disorganised, but groups specialised and professionalised in the course of the war. Key groups were Milorg (at first a small sabotage unit but a full military force by the end of the war), Osvald Group (a communist sabotage group), and Company Linge (a special operations group formed in Britain for commando raids in Norway), with Max Manus and Gunnar Sonsteby among Norway's most famous saboteurs. Norwegian resistance groups destroyed many German warships including the Bismarck and Tirpitz, and destroyed a heavy water plant to halt Germany's nuclear program. Sabotage and resistance efforts provoked swift and bloody reprisals from the Nazis.
In civil disobedience, resistance groups smuggled people in and out of Norway, and distributed illegal newspapers with updates from the Allied forces. Locals also maintained an 'ice front' against occupying soldiers, refusing to speak German with them or even sit next to a German on public transport (which became so irritating that occupying forces made it illegal to stand on buses when seats were available). Norwegians wore paperclips fastened to their pockets or red stocking caps to show their loyalty to the resistance.

There is some debate as to how extensive or effective Norway's resistance efforts were. One Norwegian historian argues that the key activities were in the final six months of the war and were too late to affect its outcome. He also suggests that the Norwegian government wanted to reduce sabotage efforts in order to retain local industry and infrastructure, and avoid retaliation from the Nazi occupying forces.

Liberation and Aftermath
Following Hitler's suicide and the taking of Berlin by Allied and Soviet forces in April 1945, Dwight D. Eisenhower - then Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, and later President of the United States - sent a telegram to Norway demanding the surrender of the German army there. To the relief of the nation, at 10pm on 7 May the Germans made a radio announcement of their capitulation. (Left: German soldiers surrender at Akershus Fortress in Oslo.) Overnight, 40 000 armed Milorg members seized back the Royal Palace, main police station and other public buildings. The German surrender took effect at midnight on 8 May. Norway's Crown Prince Olav returned to the country on May 14 with a 21-man delegation of the exiled government, and on 7 June - the 40th anniversary of the end of Norway's union with Sweden - King Hakon VII and the rest of the royal family arrived back in Oslo.

Following the celebrations came the realisation of the true ravages of the war. 10,262 Norwegians lost their lives during the war, and large areas - especially in the Finnmark region - has been destroyed by bombing or the German 'scorched earth' policy. Women who bore children by occupying Germany soldiers were ostracised and humiliated, and some fled the country. (Anni-Frid Lyngstad, the brunette from Swedish pop group ABBA, was one of these children.) During the post-war trials in Norway, 37 people were executed by Norwegian authorities: 25 Norwegians for treason, and 12 Germans for crimes against humanity. Would-be leader Vidkun Quisling was executed by firing squad at Akershus Fortress on 24 October 1945. 20,000 Norwegians and some Germans received prison sentences, of which 77 Norwegians and 18 Germans were handed down life sentences. A number of people were forced to pay heavy fines.

Learn More
I hope this all-too-brief description has done justice to Norway's experience in the second World War. I have certainly learnt much in researching this piece, but could not hope to fully share here all the facts, tragedies and triumphs. If I have left out something you feel is significant, please add a note in the comments area so that I and others may learn about it.

If you are indeed interested in learning more about Norway during World War II:
* A good introduction can be found on Wikipedia.
* Several films depicts events from the war, including the Norwegian film Max Manus (focusing on resistance efforts) and Heroes of Telemark (though many of the participants in the real-life sabotage efforts claim this is a bit 'too Hollywood').
* If you are in Oslo, you can visit Norway's Resistance Museum in Akershus Fortress and the Holocaust Centre (housed in Villa Grande, the former residence of Vidkun Quisling - see right).

All for Norway!Same Procedure as Last Year? The Same Procedure as Every Year!

Comments

Charles SchlossChas4 Tuesday, June 22, 2010 9:37:29 PM

Nice post, I grew up with the stories Jewish Persecution during WWII

Tho in school I don't here much about that part of Europe during WWII and before it, I herd more about the other parts of Europe. I still wonder why there is hardly any if at all anything about Norway and the other countries around it. sherlock

ZaraZaraL Wednesday, June 23, 2010 11:14:27 AM

Yes, growing up in Australia we mostly heard about Poland, France, the UK, the US and of course Australia's involvement in the second World war (and a little bit about the Netherlands from reading "The Diary of Anne Frank") - so I hadn't realised how many countries were involved.

celalbermon Tuesday, June 29, 2010 11:24:43 AM

II. World War II, 20 Century is the second of two wars around the world. Six years, the uninterrupted time in various parts of the world war II begins with a showing. World War II, when German armies invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 is assumed to start. However, they seem disconnected from each other prior to this date conflicts also play a primary role in the war between the strategic goals of the party takes place, the beginning of the war are historically earlier. By some historians and experts, I. World War II and even more are seen as the final showdown. Turkey, in April 1945 on heavy pressure by the Allies entered the war.

celalbermon Tuesday, June 29, 2010 11:28:52 AM

French Prime Minister Reynaud, in Parliament increasing the tension and the referendum on the secret Stuttgart radio (the radio, the German cooperation with a French operated by was being. Stuttgart traitor as the name referred to the French, after the war, was captured and shot is) provocative publications proliferating open discontent to remove the standby policy abandoned to be more dynamic and wanted to try a policy forbidding. For this purpose the government of London, the Swedish steel to prevent drain on Germany to Norway to convinced a decal. However, the Germans treated before allied forces, April 9, 1940 morning to Norway, the sea to Denmark and attacked for road safety. Invasion of Norway in the strategic objectives of the iron ore imported from Sweden is under way to secure and create base for submarines in the Norwegian fjord. Denmark surrendered quickly, while Norway showed resistance. June 10, 1940, Norway also surrendered. Allied to play gambling in Norway, a military defeat and end with a moral collapse, while the Germans occupied Norway in a country where prisoners were brought to the state. April 24 was given to the Norwegian government and the orders of the commissioner in the National-Socialist-led government was formed Quisling'in. Reynaud government council in the face of the insecurity in May 9, Chamberlain's government resigned on 10 May. German attack on the same day, unexpectedly returned to the west. Reynaud took back his resignation immediately, instead of Chamberlain, Churchill, the British cabinet was installed. Dark and disastrous day for Europe and the world began. Belgium surrendered in the May 27.

celalbermon Tuesday, June 29, 2010 11:40:52 AM

Norway I. Remained neutral in World War II. II. Also intends to remain neutral in World War II, although on April 9, 1940 was occupied by Nazi Germany. On May 8, 1945 until Germany's surrender in Norway was occupied. In 1949 Norway became a member of NATO. Norwegian waters in the late 1960s discovered oil and natural gas wealth to Norway won a major. The people of Norway in 1972 and 1994, a referendum rejected the European Union membership. Norway, the European Union in its relations with the EFTA member institutions through their remains. Norway, according to United Nations reports today, in terms of living standards is one of the world's most advanced countries.

scout12cat Thursday, July 1, 2010 3:21:41 PM

I never knew of the invasion on Scandinavian countries, I always thought they were left alone and neutral during those years. Your post is very interesting and informative. I enjoyed learning little more about the land of my ancestors. I recently join opera cause I saw the unique and creative personal pages that were being built and I had to become apart of it.

celalbermon Thursday, July 1, 2010 7:29:34 PM

I have a little bit of historical knowledge unabating ma

Unregistered user Sunday, July 4, 2010 10:51:11 PM

shari writes: My grandfather immigrated before the war with his brother. My mom said he was very worried about his sisters and their families during WWII.

celalbermon Monday, July 5, 2010 11:11:03 AM

II. World War II, 1939-45 in almost all parts of the world covering an international war.

... Click here for all to read.
I. World War II, determined by the unresolved dispute has left a tense period of twenty years after the war broke out
First World War began in Europe in 1914, but countries around the world to participate and to colonize other continents because of the spread of "world war" has been called. The war started in 1914, ended in 1918. 30 October 1918 the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice, the war has been withdrawn from the difficulties.
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Germany
Germany in Central Europe between the North Sea and the Alps, extending a state. Czechoslovakia and Poland in the east, the south by Austria, Switzerland, western France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, Denmark and the North Sea is located in the north. Germany, one in the Baltic Sea, the other has two islands in the North Sea. 185 km2 in the Baltic Sea island of Fehmarn, Sylt Island is located north of 99 square kilometers.
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Italy, and
Republic of Italy, or simply in Italy (Italian: Repubblica Italiana) in southern Europe, boot-shaped peninsula and the Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Sardinia is a country founded on. In northern France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia to the northwest. San Marino and the Vatican city-state is also entirely surrounded by Italian territory. Italy is a citizen of the state or the descendants of those people who are associated with Italy are called Italians.
... Click here for all to read.
Formed in Japan
Japan (Nihon or Nippon in Japanese, (sun) (source), the word means "the source of the sun"), which is a country of islands in the Far East. There is no land borders with any country. North of the Korean Peninsula (South Korea and North Korea) and Japan Sea is bounded by Russia. Beyond the sea in the west of Taiwan and China and Japan are neighbors in the east and south are the Great Ocean.
... Click here for all to read.
The Axis powers, and
II. Before and after World War II allied powers fighting against the state. Halindek Britain and France created an alliance against the Axis in Germany, Italy and Japan took place. However, the war resulted in the defeat of the Axis during the war when the military carried out a triple axis pact that ended.
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France
The French Republic (French: République française), or briefly in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra and Spain as countries with western European countries. Is a founding member of the European Union.
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England,
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Kingdom Islands in the European Community on the northwest coast, a state composed of four countries. This collection of islands with the island of Great Britain and Ireland, have occurred from 5000 small islands. In the western Irish Sea, North Sea in the east, north, southwest and northwest Atlantic Ocean is surrounded by.
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USA,
USA United States abbreviation.
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USSR and China formed a more limited position against the Allied powers met. The general character of a struggle against the rising Nazi threat, the winner at the end of the war was to reformat the balance of world power. At the end of the war
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, abbreviated.
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USSR and some Eastern European countries gained new territory when the Japanese Empire, and Italy were destroyed.

celalbermon Monday, July 5, 2010 11:12:04 AM

The causes of war
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, abbreviated.
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I. At the end of World War I Germany was defeated and made a deal with severe conditions, were forced to leave.
First World War began in Europe in 1914, but countries around the world to participate and to colonize other continents because of the spread of "world war" has been called. The war started in 1914, ended in 1918. 30 October 1918 the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice, the war has been withdrawn from the difficulties.
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Germans
German, German citizenship | naturalization or received from the Germanic race, and usually dedicated to those living in Central Europe, which is an adjective.
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Versailles treaty signed in 1919, contains the wrong items must be reviewed and re-thought.
1919 events, deaths, births and other important developments
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Faced with major economic difficulties in the 1920s in Germany

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1933

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Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born on April 20, 1889 in the town Branau. Born in the village saw the first collection. Lintz near the middle of the city of Vienna collection was Realschule'sinde. Thirteen years old, the first of a very good officer, who retired from the office of his father and farmer who, sixteen years old, who always supported him because his mother has lost a relentless disease. Shock and pain of life that do not meet the needs of the family left him an orphan's pension to him to decide quickly
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The Nazis came to power. Hitler, on the one hand
is. Nazi


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Trying to void the Versailles Treaty, re-gathered the other hand, the armed forces.

To keep the peace in 1919 and was established to resolve disputes
1919 events, deaths, births and other important developments
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League of Nations, the sanctions are necessary to carry out these tasks was incapable of. The United States remained outside of the organization, among the other members do not comply with the decision to use force against states could reach consensus. This problem
This organization can be considered the foundation of the United Nations, I. After World War II in Switzerland in 1919, "League of Nations" (the League) was founded with the name. Purpose, to live among the countries was to resolve problems through peaceful means. Worked but did not show the presence of more than one time. II. After World War broke. July 6 1932 League of Nations, was invited to Turkey to membership, July 9 at the invitation of the Parliament of Turkey has ratified the League of Nations and 18 July 1932, the Turkish entry
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Ignoring the protests of Japan 1931

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China
People's Republic of China, the world's surface area as the third largest country in population since. Located in South East Asia. Surface area is. Beijing, capital of the country's official language, Chinese, Yuan currency. South Korea to the east, northeast and northwest Russia, Mongolia in the north, in southwestern Afghanistan and Pakistan, south India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Laos, North Vietnam, is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean in the east.
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Seized Manchuria, the region was well into the open process.
Manchuria in the northeast region of China in East Asia. Inner Mongolia to the west, south China, north of East Siberia, is located in southeastern Korea. Occurring low undulating plains of Manchuria, there are high mountains around. Countries in the areas of agricultural crops, sugar beets, tobacco, cotton, flax, hemp, vegetables are grown. Animals are fed large and small ruminants. The benefit is derived from forest products.
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Japan
Japan (Nihon or Nippon in Japanese, (sun) (source), the word means "the source of the sun"), which is a country of islands in the Far East. There is no land borders with any country. North of the Korean Peninsula (South Korea and North Korea) and Japan Sea is bounded by Russia. Beyond the sea in the west of Taiwan and China and Japan are neighbors in the east and south are the Great Ocean.
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Throughout the 1930s, power has increased.

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1935

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Benito Mussolini, the Italians in the management,
Benito Mussolini (born July 29, 1883, Forli, Italy - ö. April 28, 1945), II. Italy's prime minister during World War II. The most important practitioners of the fascism with Hitler. Following university studies he started working as a teacher. In 1902 compulsory military service he went to Switzerland to escape. He returned to Italy in 1904 and joined the Italian Socialist Party and the Party's organ, the Avanti has worked in the newspaper.
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Ethiopia invaded.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ityopp'ya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik) Turkish name in other east African countries, Ethiopia is the one. Neighboring Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya and Uganda is. Capital, Addis Ababa, area 1,127,127 sq km, population is 65.3 million. Linked to the Eritrean Red Sea are part of the country after a referendum in 1993 the country became independent from Ethiopia.
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League of Nations did not take effective measures at this time.

The advantage of this weakness
This organization can be considered the foundation of the United Nations, I. After World War II in Switzerland in 1919, "League of Nations" (the League) was founded with the name. Purpose, to live among the countries was to resolve problems through peaceful means. Worked but did not show the presence of more than one time. II. After World War broke. July 6 1932 League of Nations, was invited to Turkey to membership, July 9 at the invitation of the Parliament of Turkey has ratified the League of Nations and 18 July 1932, the Turkish entry
... Click here for all to read.
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was born on April 20, 1889 in the town Branau. Born in the village saw the first collection. Lintz near the middle of the city of Vienna collection was Realschule'sinde. Thirteen years old, the first of a very good officer, who retired from the office of his father and farmer who, sixteen years old, who always supported him because his mother has lost a relentless disease. Shock and pain of life that do not meet the needs of the family left him an orphan's pension to him to decide quickly
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In March 1936 Germany

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Remaining lands to the west of the Rhine River, the military has sent troops. Whereas

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With Germany in 1925, according to the agreement between the League of Nations in this region would not have any government soldiers. In this regard the League of Nations failed to impose sanctions outside the protest. After Italy and Germany,

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Republican administration in the civil war in Spain against the fascist Francisco Franco's generals sent troops to fight in the ranks, so they also try out new weapons and aircraft. World domination for new land acquisition and Germany, Italy and Japan, the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed an alliance called.

Japan 1937, China launched a war against the sum of the ball. A year later, Germany invaded Austria, then the majority of ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia was in the area on the right argued Südet. Britain and France, Czechoslovakia, Hitler then submission of this request will be beneficial to the assured and the Munich Agreement in September 1938, the region was left to Germany. 6 months later, Hitler would bomb the capital, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Germany, when the buffalo went into the yoke.

Germany's next victim after the First World War, Poland was the re-established as an independent state. This time against the German attack on Britain and France gave assurances to the Poles. Germany invaded Poland when the Second. World War II began.

celalbermon Monday, July 5, 2010 11:13:56 AM

With Britain and France that declared war on Germany on September 3 was holding. Austria, Canada and other countries including South Africa, Britain and France also took part alongside. But the Allies occupied the German land and air forces quickly could help to Poland. Soviet entry into Poland on September 17 at the right. Poland surrendered. 80 thousand Polish military in order to continue the fight before he went to France to Romania and then assembled here. + In October, the USSR, against a possible German attack in the west "buffer states" in order to generate, the three Baltic countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were occupied. After the Soviet Union, Finland, from Finland to the union wanted to give the right to enter the territory. Finland, the Soviet Union was forced to accept the terms. While they were still quite western. France, Germany Majino Line-called border line of defense was established. British troops in the north, with the Germans in Belgium to go to war because it did not compare. Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler </ p>

leaders of Germany and Italy Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler German and Italian leaders In April 1940 the Germans attacked Norway. Aims to establish bases for submarines and mines in northern Sweden was removed and iron were brought by sea to the Port of Norway Narvig was confiscated. German and Allied soldiers in a short time out in Norway, an attempt to prevent the air bases were established. Norway surrendered on June 9. In Denmark in April when the Germans attacked the very few could resist. The German offensive began May 10, 1940, in a short time in Belgium, the Netherlands, led to the invasion Lüksembourg'un. To help the British and French troops were also sprayed. May 13 Sedan'da German tanks in the Maas River, passed and went into the interior of France. Netherlands surrendered on May 14. German tanks were moving toward the north shore and broke off the front of the retreating Allies. Belgium surrendered on 27 May. On June 14 the Germans entered Paris, the French in the June 22 ceasefire agreement was signed. German forces in northern France and occupied the entire Atlantic Ocean. Britain chose Hitler as the next target. German air forces, air fields and ports in southern England every day bombing began. Certain resistance encountered by the British, the Germans, in London and the UK's inland cities were also bombed. Many of these raids on civilian casualties and great damage was caused. Bombardment continued until mid 1941.

Bella Martensbellamartens Wednesday, September 22, 2010 1:20:38 PM

Very interesting to read, learned more then in many history lessons combined :-)

celalbermon Wednesday, September 22, 2010 3:21:42 PM

I think it is not interesting to read on to explore and I love to read in

Unregistered user Tuesday, November 2, 2010 10:26:29 AM

Anonymous writes: This "Celal" completely ruined this page. What was not covered was the thousands of British Soldiers who died at the beginning of WWII trying to defend Norway. And hence the xmas tree in Trafalgar Square in London is always donated by a grateful Norway in recognition of the sacrifice and friendship of the two nations. I think more should be said about that.

Chathuranga Liyanagamasmartrocker Wednesday, November 17, 2010 11:24:29 AM

France and Britain is responsible for the rise of nacism in Germany.After WWI they imposed heavy sanctions against the war torn country.Instead of rebuilding destroyed country and make friendship they wanted to take revenge on germany.War battered German economy simply couldn't withstand it.Inflation sky rocketed.People have to use transport wagan to take large sum money that was needed to buy their daily goods.
So when Germans woudn't be allowed to rise their head in a good way,they had to take thier only option,the bad way and allow German racism to rise and nod to trend of nacism.So Hitler came and Got the heading "Great German Nation" and "Purity of Aryans".So they throw off the those post WWI treaties and construct a Economically and millitoraly powerful Nazi Germany.
And then began the wipe out of innocent jews in the name Great Aryan empire.Those bloody post war treates made the way for deaths of millions of jews and also other people of european countries.

Unregistered user Tuesday, December 14, 2010 7:12:54 PM

dvojplisen writes: Sorry, but you have some mistakes here - for example, Bismarck was destroyed after hunt far in the North sea by the British navy, and Tirpitz was destroyed by succesful british air raids in th fjord near Narvik. It's alarming, how much do people know about WW2. But actually it's wery interesting to see the point of view from such a person like you! I am sorry for the critics and for my poor english - I'm czech. [feel free to write - dvojplisen@gmail.com]

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