A NEW LIFE

The ancient Greeks would have loved April Fool's Day. They so adored being clever. I can easily imagine the ancient Athenians concocting their plots and chanting their victories, and the ancient Spartans rigging their barracks and roaring with laughter. A special day put aside just for trickery, with everyone forewarned that others were out to fool them...the challenge of it would have greatly appealed to the ancient Greeks.

But, they did not create this holiday. The history of April Fool's Day only goes back to the 16th century.

Today, all over the world, April Fool's is a day where tricks are played on people in a spirit of fun. Anyone who plays a mean trick is just being mean. For the rest of us, April Fool's Day is a challenging game of trickery!



In France, April 1st is called "Poisson d'Avril." French kids play a special game on this day. The object of the game is to tape a paper fish on someone's back without that person noticing. When the victim spots the fish taped to their back, the kids yell "Poisson d’Avril!" (April Fish!)


In Belgium, our friend, Egyptologist, Jacques Kinnaer, shared: "I can add to your explanation of the French "April Fish". The expression "April Fish", in my region of the country (in Belgium), not only applies to the paper (or real) fish being stuck to someone's back, but to the tricks played on that day in general. If I played a prank on you on April 1st, the expression would be (translated into English) that I've baked you an April's Fish. Even the media (press and radio) try to bake an April's Fish by adding something untrue to the news. A couple of years ago, for instance, there was an announcement that a new piece of paper money would be made, with the image of Dirk Frimout (our famous Belgian astronaut!) That was a prank, but many people believed it."


In India, our friend, Sudheer Birodkar, an Indian novelist and ancient Indian historian, shared with us the following:

"April Fools Day as such is not a traditional festival in India. But from times immemorial there has been a festival called Holi or Holikotsava celebrated in March/April. This comes somewhat close to all fools day. Holi or Holikotsava is celebrated over two days. On the evening of the first day bonfires are lit, normally in a public place. On the second day people throw coloured powder and water at each other."

"Holi centers around a bonfire. "Weeks before the arrival of Holi, gangs comb the neighbourhood and collect all waste-wood, old wooden furniture etc. which they can lay their hands upon. After weeks of preparation judiciously combined with activities that come close to pillaging, assorted pieces of wood are piled up to be lit on the evening of the festival day." Sudheer Birodkar


In Newfoundland, Bruce Lane, a Newfoundland nature and wild life photographer and teacher, shared: "Yes we do celebrate April Fool's Day in Newfoundland! The custom is that until noon you can trick people with lies and exaggerations. For example, one morning a local radio station reported seeing a herd of seals far up an inland river. They reported the story several times until noon when they informed the audience it was an April Fools trick!"


In the United States, April 1st is a day set aside to play small, clever tricks on people. Placing salt in the sugar bowl when no one is looking is not a real trick. Where's the cleverness in that? (The ancient Greeks would have turned up their noses at such a pathetic attempt.) A real April Fool's trick takes thought, creativity, timing, and a bit of acting. There are rules to this game. Your trick must be harmless, your victim must believe you, and your trickery must make your victim at least smile (or better yet, laugh) when you shout "April Fool's!" Otherwise, it does not qualify as an April Fool's Day trick.

Only nine day is Tet. I will come back my family. Relly agreat, the last time i have a meal with family for five month ago. Oh, the meals made by my mother is very good. I miss my mother, father and two younger brother. The most my mother, she is fuorty two years, she is person very...very gentle and righteuos. On family my mother and me are often tell together and she always listens my ideas. I miss my father, too. He is farmer, throughout the year he have to till coffee.He is fourty three years. He is authentic man. Although, he is more quick-tempered but he is always harassed by worries for family. Remain my younger brother is Vu and Anh. Vu is nineteen years, last year he studies in Tay Nguyen University, but he left out and know he read for an examination, next year he will take an exam again. Perhps, he will take exam at Danang Universyty of Economics.I hope he can pass the test is outstanding. The end Anh, he is the youngest in my family, he is seventeen years. He is learning eleven class. I verry worry for him. He dislike to learn, he only become a driver or electrician.
No more and no less, tomorrow i will bough presents for morther, father and two younger brother.What will i bought! Oh, it is verry difficult.

As a discipline, project management developed from different fields of application including construction, engineering, and defense. In the United States, the forefather of project management is Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famously known for his use of the "Gantt" chart as a project management tool, for being an associate of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management[1], and for his study of the work and management of Navy ship building. His work is the forerunner to many modern project management tools including the work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era. Again, in the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project scheduling models were developed: (1) the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, developed by Booz-Allen & Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program[2]; and (2) the "Critical Path Method" (CPM) developed in a joint venture by both DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

At the same time, technology for project cost estimating, cost management, and engineering economics was evolving, with pioneering work by Hans Lang and others. In 1956, the American Association of Cost Engineers (now AACE International; the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was formed by early practitioners of project management and the associated specialties of planning and scheduling, cost estimating, and cost/schedule control (project control). AACE has continued its pioneering work and in 2006 released the first ever integrated process for portfolio, program and project management(Total Cost Management Framework).

In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was formed to serve the interest of the project management industry. The premise of PMI is that the tools and techniques of project management are common even among the widespread application of projects from the software industry to the construction industry. In 1981, the PMI Board of Directors authorized the development of what has become A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), containing the standards and guidelines of practice that are widely used throughout the profession. The International Project Management Association (IPMA), founded in Europe in 1967, has undergone a similar development and instituted the IPMA Competence Baseline (ICB). The focus of the ICB also begins with knowledge as a foundation, and adds considerations about relevant experience, interpersonal skills, and competence. Both organizations are now participating in the development of a ISO project management standard.