Y-Haplogroup R in Macedonia
Tuesday, 18. August 2009, 03:02:20
Long, too long time the pan-slavistic and Western science produce the brain washed peoples, with their stories about Slavs.
The so-called Greek and Shqiptars (and other neighbors) are used these stories for their goals.
Today,to all the mentally ill peoples, such as Dora Bakoyannis-Ντόρα Μπακογιάννη, Ali Ahmeti and others, we can say-Fuck Off.
To Athenians...we can say you, your town has more Macedonians ("Slavs"?) than Turkish Christian refugees.
In the occupied part of Macedonia, although you are manipulated all genetic patterns (Vlachs), has a large number of Macedonians.
Your “fake Makedones” must go by searching their roots outside of Macedonia.
First stop,Phanariot street…malakas….
Macedonians in Albania, apparently do not live in Golo Brdo only.
It should be noted that these results are obtained from a small number of subjects.
The subclades of Y-DNA R are pre-eminent both in Europe and India. R1a dominates in India and is also found strongly in Eastern Europe, particularly "Slavic" and Baltic populations, while R1b dominates the rest of Europe. That is a geographical match to the present distribution of Indo-European languages, as Richard Stevens pointed out in online discussions. Spencer Wells and colleagues considered that R1a arose in the Pontic-Caspian steppes and made the connection to the speakers of Proto-Indo-European.
Further east in the Krasnoyarsk area (Southern Central Siberia) 26 skeletons from between the middle of the 2nd millennium BC to the 4th century AD nearly all carried Y-DNA R1a1a [M17] and were blue (or green)-eyed, fair-skinned and light-haired people.
70. R.S. Wells et al, The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 98 no. 18 (2001), pp. 10244-10249; C. Lalueza-Fox et al., Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, vol. 271 (2004), pp. 941?947; C. Keyser et al, Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people, Human Genetics online May 16, 2009 doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0: the authors also looked for matches for the aDNA Y-STR haploypes and found fairly close matches in both eastern Europe and Siberia; they found exact matches in European populations for the ancient mtDNA found.
Several studies by Indian geneticists offered the alternative view that R1a spread from India, but this is not supported by more recent dating of Ra1 samples from across its range. Common ancestors of samples from European countries mainly fell between 4,050 and 4,825 years ago, but the oldest common ancestor for any R1a1 population was found in the Balkans (Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Bosnia), an area heavily settled by Slavs in the Middle Ages. ???????????????
Eight out of nine skeletons recovered from Andronovo culture sites in the South Urals shared an R1a1 haplogroup with their oldest common ancestor calculated at between 5,500 and 1,800 years ago, while the oldest common ancestor found from India was 3,675 years ago.
So a migration can be traced through its genetic trail from Europe through the South Urals to Northern India. The Andronovo culture skeletons were also tested for pigmentation genes, which indicated that the R1a1 group most probably had blue or green eyes, with light hair and skin color.
71S. Sahoo et al, A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios, PNAS, vol.103 (2006), no. 4, pp. 843-848; A. Klyosov, DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidences Written in Y-Chromosome, Nature Precedings hdl:10101/npre.2008.2733.1. The other skeleton of the nine tested was of haplogroup C (not C3): C. Bouakaze et al, First successful assay of Y-SNP typing by SNaPshot minisequencing on ancient DNA, International Journal of Legal Medicine vol. 121 (2007), pp. 493-499; C. Bouakaze e t al., Pigment phenotype and biogeographical ancestry from ancient skeletal remains: inferences from multiplexed autosomal SNP analysis, International Journal of Legal Medicine doi:10.1007/s00414-009-0348-5 (2009); Z. Zao et al., Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: a study of 560 Y chromosomes, Annals of Human Biology, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 46-59 considers Y-DNA haplogroups R1 and R2 in India the heritage of incoming Indo-European speakers.
Klyosov calculated the common ancestor of R1a1 males in the western Balkans lived 11,600 years ago. However this date seems to be the result of sampling error. Recalculation from the same data gives a result of 5,050 years ago. (and what? Neolithic Slavs?)
The highest level of diversity of Ra1a is found in the Ukraine, which points to a likely origin there.72
The entire map of base (ancestral) haplotypes and their mutations, as well as “ages” of common ancestors of R1a1 haplotypes in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East show that approximately six thousand years ago bearers of R1a1 haplogroup started to migrate from the Balkans in all directions, spreading their haplotypes. A recent excavation of 4,600 year-old R1a1 haplotypes (Haak et al., 2008) revealed their almost exact closeness to present-day R1a1 haplotypes, as it is shown below.
Distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup R1b. Note the corridor from west of the Black Sea along the Danube.R1b provides the other half of the R haplogroup story. Although the highest densities of R1b today are in north west Europe (which initially led to the idea that it spread from Iberia), its highest diversity is in Asia Minor and the Caucasus. The predominant subclade is R1b1b2, which has been dated to 5,000-8,000 years ago, and which appears to mark the first appearance of R1b in Europe. Subsequent mutations produced two huge sub-clades with clusters of offspring mutations - the sign of a population in rapid growth and spread. One can follow that spread through the splitting off of subgroups to populate certain areas, first in eastern Europe, then a spurt through western Europe, with different subgroups appearing in Iberia and the British Isles.
74 For the diversity of R1b see M. Pericic et at, High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 22 (2005), no.10, pp. 1964-1975; B. Arredi, E. S. Poloni and C. Tyler-Smith, The peopling of Europe, in M. Crawford (ed.), Anthropological Genetics: Theory, methods and applications (2007), p. 394; http://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR09.html; Remarks of Michael Hammer on the path of R1b1b2, made at Family Tree DNA 5th International Conference on Genetic Genealogy (2009); F. Cruciani et al., Phylogeography of human Y chromosome haplogroup R1b1b2 (R-M269) in Europe, European Human GeneticConference 2009 abstracts.
So it seems that among the steppe peoples, some tribes were dominated by haplogroup R1a, and others by R1b. This is not to say that the Indo-Europeans were all descended from the R1 founder. Nor should we expect the R1a/R1b division to be so neat that there is no overlap. R1a appears in areas that have never been Slavic, such as Scandinavia and West Germany.
A group of Bronze Age skeletons found in Lichtenstein cave, in Lower Saxony, provide a real life example. The men included two of Y-DNA R1a, one of R1b, but no less than twelve of I2b2. These last haplogroups still seem to reflect the connection shown in the cave. The present-day distributions of I2b2 and R1b1b2a1b6* (R-L21) both flow along the Rhine and into the British Isles. The mtDNA haplogroups from the cave were dominated by H at 47%, which is close to the average for present-day Europe. Others individuals carried U5b, T2, and J*, a mix of Mesolithic and Neolithic markers.
75. F. Schilz: Molekulargenetische Verwandtschaftsanalysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv derLichtensteinhöhle, Dissertation, Göttingen (2006); H. De Beule, Origins of Hg I-L38 (I2b2) Subclades (online paper 2009); The spread of mtDNA H2a mimics that of Y-DNA R1a to some extent, which may or may not be coincidental: Loogväli et al, Disuniting Uniformity: a pied cladistic canvas of mtDNA haplogroup H in Eurasia, Molecular Biology and Evolution vol. 21, no. 11 (2004), pp. 2017.
The discovery of four family graves in Eulau, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, of the Corded Ware culture, provided an opportunity to use an array of techniques to discover more about this group. They were all victims of a violent attack, which killed men, women and children. Family relationships were traced through DNA. One Y-DNA haplogroup R1a father was buried with his mtDNA K1b wife and their two sons. Other mtDNA haplogroups present were H, I, U5b and the rare X2. Strontium isotope results showed that the men and children had grown up in the local area, whereas the women had spent their early lives some distance away, which suggests a patrilocal society.
76.W. Haak et al., Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age, PNAS. Published online before print November 17, 2008.
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