Tuesday, 10. June 2008, 15:12:58
ဒီစာအုပ္ကို ကၽြန္ေတာ့ သူငယ္ခ်င္း တစ္ေယာက္ ဆီက ရခဲ့တာပါ စာအုပ္ကို ျပဳစုခဲ့တာက ဗိုလ္မွဴးတိုးေအာင္ႏွင့္ သူ၏ အသင္း လို႕ အမ်ားသိေစခ်င္ပါတယ္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္က ဒီစာအုပ္ကို ျဖန့္ေ၀ေပးသူတစ္ဥိးပါ ဗုံးနည္းပညာရွင္ (bombtechanician)ဆိုတာသူ႕ကိုယ္သူအမည္ေျပာင္ေပးထားတာပါဗ်ာ သူလည္း ဗိုလ္မွဴးတိုးေအာင္ရဲ႕ အသင္းမွာ ပါတယ္ ဗ်ာ။ သူနဲ႕ေတာ့ ဒီစာအုပ္အေၾကာင္းေျပာျဖစ္တယ္၊ ကၽြန္ေတာ္က ဒီဟာစာအုပ္ကို အြန္လိုင္းမွာလိုက္ေပးတာ သိသိ မသိသိ၊ အကုန္ေပးတာပါ ဗိုလ္မွဴးတိုးေအာင္ အေနနဲ႕လည္း ကၽြန္ေတာ့္ကို နားလည္ခြင့္လႊတ္ႏိုင္မယ္လို႕ ထင္ပါတယ္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ ဒီစာအုပ္ကို အခုလို တင္ထားတယ္ဆိုတာ Linux နဲ႕ အျခား open source ေတြအတြက္ နားလည္ လြယ္ၿပီး ရွင္းရွင္းလင္းလင္း ေဖာ္ျပထားႏိုင္ လို႕ပါ။ တစ္တိုင္းျပည္လံုးမဟုတ္ရင္ေတာင္ လက္လွမ္းမွီသမွ် တတ္သိနားလည္ေစခ်င္လို႕ ဒီစာအုပ္ကို ဒီလိုေ၀ငွေပးထားတာပါ ေက်းဇူးတင္ပါတယ္
ဗိုလ္မွဴးတိုးေအာင္ ႏွင့္အသင္းေရးသားျပဳစုေသာ ျမန္မာဘာသာျဖင့္ opensourse linux အေျခခံ(မ်ားစြားအေထာက္အကူျပဳပါသည္)္
ဖတ္ရႈရန္ကူးယူၿပီးမွ ေဖာင့္ကို CE အျဖစ္ ေျပာင္းလဲ ဖတ္ရႈႏိုင္ၾကပါသည္1
Linux OS
(Or)
Open Source Operating System
Getting Start with Linux OS
What is Linux?
Linux OS [m True 32-bit Operating System jzpfw,f/ Linux udk 1991
ckESpfavmufwGif 32-bit architecture jzifh a&;om;cJhMuygonf/ Linux onf Unix OS ESifh
qifwl aomfvnf; em;vnf xm;&rnfrSm Linux onf Unix r[kwfay/ Unix ESifh
qifwlaomfvnf; (POSIX) Portable Operating System Interface on Unix jzpfonf/
Unix udk 1960 ckESpfwGif pwifa&;om;cJhMuNyD; ¤if;umvwGif C programming Language
ay:vmojzifh C Language jzifh Unix OS udk AT&T bell lab company ua&;om;cJhMuonf/
,cifu Unix onf open source OS wpfck jzpfaomfvJ aemufydkif;wGif AT&T rS rlydkifcGifh
jyefvnf&&SdNyD; Close OS jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ Unix onf Close OS wpfck jzpfoGm;&kHrQru
Dedicated hardware ay:wGifom run vdkY&onf/ Oyrm ajymqdk&rnf qdkvsif HP twGuf
a&;om;xm;aom Unix udk IBM ay:wGif run vdkY r&Edkifay/
Linux OS onf Internet twGuf optimize toifh jzpfNyD;om; OS wpfck
jzpfonfhtwGuf TCP/IP taMumif;udk tenf;tusOf; em;vnfxm;rS omvsif Linux udk
avhvm&mwGif vG,fulvsifjrefrnf jzpfonf/ Linux onf multiuser, multitasking and
multiprocessing jzpfonfhtjyif SMP (symmetrical multiprocessing) support
jzpfonfhtwGuf Memory management ygvkyfEkdifonf/ 1992 ckESpfwGif Linux version 1.0
udk xkyfvkyfEdkifcJhonf/ Open source ESifh Close Source wdkY\ jcm;em;csufrSm kernel udk
zGifhxm;ay;jcif;ESifh ydwfxm;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ Linux kernel onf open kernel
jzpfonfhtwGuf aMumifh pdwfBudKufjyKjyif okH;pGJEkdifonf/
The Linux Structure
Operating System
2
Kernel qdkonfrSm OS \ core jzpfonf/ Shel onf command line
interpreter [k ajymEdkifouJhodkY program wpfck[kívnf; jrifEdkifonf/ Shell
qdkaom OS \ user interface udk OS \ kernel udk jyKjyifajymif;vJ a&;om;jcif;jzifh
trsdK;rsdK;aom Linux OS rsm;ay:xGufcJh&onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk Distros (Commercial Linux
Distribution) [kac:NyD; ¤if;wdkYteuf xif&Sm;vlodrsm;aom Linux OS rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
Red Hat
SuSE
Caldera Open Linux
Corel Linux
Debian
Mandrake
Slack ware
Turbo Linux and many more
Why Linux?
Linux udk tb,faMumifh okH;pGJoifhoenf;qdkaomf Linux onf Open Source
jzpfonf/ Stable usaom OS wpfck jzpf&kHrQru Standalone odkYr[kwf Network
ESpfckpvkH;twGuf aumif;rGefaom OS wpfck jzpfonf/ C, C++, Pascal, Cobol, Fortran,
Delphi, Kylix ponfh programming language rsm;pGmtwGuf free jzpfaom library rsm;
utilities rsm;udk support vkyfay;EkdifonfhtwGuf Programming uRrf;usifolrsm;twGuf
txl;yif aumif;rGefonf/ system programming twGuf kernel udk pdwfMudKuf jyKjyif
okH;pGJEkdifonf/ tjcm; platform rsm;ay:wGifvnf; 100% portability jzpfaom OS
wpfckjzpfonf/ Linux OS udk Budge PCs ESifh Budget Servers rsm;wGif okH;&eftxl;
oifhavsmfonf/ Computer Science ESifh ywfoufí avhvmvdkolrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;
Internet admin, system admin jyKvkyfvdk olrsm;twGuf Linux udk txl;
oifhavQmfayonf/
Windows OS wGif GUI (Graphical User Interface) rygvsif t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaomfvnf;?
Linux wGif GUI udk rygvsif&Ekdifonfh layer wGifom xm;&Sdonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
Linux onf CLI (command line interface ) ESifh function trsdK;rdsK;udk vG,fulpGm
okH;pGJEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
3
Preparing for Linux
Operating System wpfckudk install vkyfrnfqdkygu ta&;BuD;qkH;rSm File System
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh real life wGif tokH;rsm;aeaom media rsm;? OS rsm;\ file system rsm;
taMumif;udk tenf;i,f od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfayonf/ CD Rom onf ISO 9660 file
system jzpfonf/ Windows OS rsm;onf FAT,FAT 32, NTFS ponfh file system rsm;udk
tokH;jyKonf/ JFS, UFS ponfwdkYonfvJ oufqdkif&m OS tvdkuf tokH;jyKaom logical file
system rsm; jzpfonf/ Hard Disk wpfckonf logical file system wpfckudk initiate
vkyfay;rS omvsif OS wpfckwifEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
Linux OS onf EXT2, EXT3 file system rsm;udk tokH;jyKonf/ EXT3 wGif
Generalizing file system yg0ifvmonf/ Hard Disk wpfck\ physical file system wGif
Primary Partation 4 ckxufydk NyD;cJGvdkYr&ay/ xdkYaMumifh 4 ckxufydk cGJcsifygu Extended
partition wpfck cGJNyD; logical partition rsm; cGJ&rnf jzpfonf/ Linux OS twGuf Boot
vkyfay;Ekdifaom Primary Partation wpfckawmh cGJxm;&efvdktyfonf/
tu,fí rdrd\ pufwGif wpfckxufydkaom OS rsm; wifxm;vdkygu OS loader ac:
Boot loader udk rnfhonfh OS \ loader jzifh wufrnf udk a&G;cs,fwwf&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh
Linux OS rS yg0ifvmaom OS loader udk tokH;jyKrnf qdkygu ¤if; loader tm; MBR wGif
xm;ay;&rnf/ MBR wGif OS loader odkYr[kwf Boot Loader udk wpfckxufydkí
xm;vdkYr&ay/
Introduction to Linux Features
Linux File System
Linux File system qdk&mwGif Linux u tokH;jyKaom File system rSm Ext2, Ext3
jzpfaMumif; od&SdNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,ckajymvdkaom File system qdkonfrSm file system
[k qdkaomvJ OS tokH;jyKaom file system udk qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfay/ Windows OS rsm;wGif
File rsm;xnfhoGif;xm;onfh file tpkta0;udk directory odkYr[kwf folder [k ac:onf/
Linux wGif ¤if; folder rsm;? directory rsm;udk file system [k ac:onf/
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Hardware Device in Linux
Linux OS onf case sensitive jzpfaom OS wpfck jzpfonfhtwGuf
trSm;cHvdkYr&ay/ Linux wGif " / " udk root [kac:onf/ device rsm;? Driver rsm;? file
system rsm; tm;vkH;onf ¤if; root atmufwGifom &SdMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh
IDE 1st hard drive udk /dev/hda
IDE 1st hard drive \ partition 1 udk /dev/hda1
IDE 1st hard drive \ partition 2 udk /dev/hda2
IDE 2nd hard drive udk /dev/hdb
IDE 2nd hard drive \ partition 1 udk /dev/hdb1
IDE 2nd hard drive \ partition 2 udk /dev/hdb2 [lí em;vnf assign vkyfxm;
onf/ owdjyK&eftcsufrSm rdrd HDD wGif Extended partition &Sdaevsif ¤if; extended
partition udk Linux OS rS /dev/hda4 tjzpf point vkyfay;xm;onf/
Floppy disk drive rsm;udk Linux wGif atmufygtwdkif; od&Sdem;vnf assign
vkyfonf/
1st floppy disk drive udk /dev/fd0
2nd floppy disk drive udk /dev/fd1
CD Rom drive twGuf /dev/cdrom udk Linux OS rS point vkyfay;onf/
Input device rsm;udk od&SdNyD;onfhaemuf output device rsm;udk rnfodkY assign
vkyfxm;onfudk em;vnfxm;&rnf/
COM1 port udk /dev/ttyS0
COM2 port udk /dev/ttyS1
LPT1 udk /dev/lpt0
LPT2 udk /dev/lpt1 tjzpf assign vkyfay;onf/
" / " onf root file system jzpfNyD; windows \ command prompt c: ESifh
twlwlyif jzpfonf/ dev onf device \ twdkaumufjzpfonf/
root ESifh ywfoufNyD; Linux \ administrator user taMumif;udk ajymrnfqdkygu
windows wGifokH;aom system management vkyfEkdifonfh administrator user udk Linux
wGif root user odkYr[kwf root [k ac:jyefygonf/ Linux wGif root user ESifh non-root user
[lí a,bl,tm;jzifh ESpfydkif; cGJjcm;xm;Ekdifonf/ odkYaomf multi system jzpfonfhtwGuf
individual account awGrsm;pGm&SdEkdifonf/ omreftvkyfrsm;ESifh operate vkyfrnf qdkygu
5
tjcm; individual user account rsm;ESifh operate vkyfEkdifNyD; twwfEdkifqkH; root account
jzifh operate rvkyfrdap&ef *&kjyK&rnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf Linux onf Open source
jzpfNyD; kernel onfvJ open jzpfaeaomaMumifh root user account jzifh operate
vkyfaecsdefwGif system files rsm;tm; edit vkyfrnf qdkygu rnfonfh wanning rS ay;rnf
r[kwfay/ xdkodkYoabm&SdaomaMumifh root account jzifh operate vkyfjcif;udk wwfEkdiforQ
owdjyK&rnf/
Basics Understanding Linux File System
Windows wGif oufqdkif&m directory rsm; yg&SdouJhodkY Linux OS wGifvnf;
oufqkdifonfh File system rsm; yg&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux \ fsh (File System
Hierarchy) udk avhvmrnfqdkvsif atmufygtwdkif; tajccHMuaom file system wdkYudk
jrifawGUedkifrnf jzpfonf/
/ root file system
/boot (boot process twGufta&;BuD;aom files rsm; yg&Sdonfh file
system)
/etc (system configuration files rsm;yg&Sdonfh file system)
/dev (device tm;vkH;\ files rsm;yg&Sdonfh file system)
/bin (run Edkifonfh binary file rsm; tm;vkH;yg0ifaom file system?
*.exe,*.com)
/sbin (system \ special binary files rsm;yg0ifaom file system)
/tmp (temporary file jzpfNyD; Windows \ temp folder ESifh
twlwljzpfonf/)
/opt (Windows \ program files folder ESifh twlwlyif jzpfonf/)
/home (user account rsm;\ files rsm; odrf;qnf;&m ae&m jzpfonf?
documents and setting ESifh qifwl onf/ /home/Williom,
/home/Jhon)
/usr (omref user account ESifh oufqdkifonfh binary file rsm; yg&Sdonf/
manual files rsm;? documentations rsm;)
/var (variable nature &Sdaom ykHrSefr&Sdonfh files rsm; yg&Sdonfh file system
jzpfonf/ Oyrm print spool file, Email account file)
/proc (Process &JU twdkaumufjzpfonf/)
6
Installing Linux
Windows OS tokH;jyKaeMu user rsm;taeESifh Linux OS udk install vkyf&mwGif
installation method rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifzdkY vdktyfygonf/ ¤if; installation methods
rsm;rSm-
• CD Rom rS boot vkyfNyD; install vkyfjcif;?
• WEB ay:rS install vkyfjcif;?
• NFS(network file system) jzifh install vkyfjcif;?
NFS qdkonfrSm windows OS &Sd work group rsm;ESifh wlnDaom service jzpfonf/
Installation methods rsm;tjyif installation type rsm;udkvnf;
em;vnfxm;&ayrnf/ Type a&G;cs,f&mwGif client ESifh server [lí ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ client
taeESifh install vkyfrnfqdkygu vdktyfaom files rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fNyD; install
vkyfEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf server qdkygu files system rsm; pkHvifzdkY ta&;BuD;onf/
tcsdKYaom Linux version rsm;wGif laptop computer rsm;twGuf oD;oefY installation type
yg&Sdwwfonf/ xdkodkYr[kwfyJ custom qdkaom type rsdK;vJ &Sdwwfonf/
Installing Linux OS
OS rsm; install vkyf&mwGif personalize user rsm;twGuf ta&;rBuD;aomfvnf;
server twGuf OS install vkyf&mwGif planning onf tvGefta&;ygaom tcef;u@ rS
yg0ifonf/ xdkYaMumifh I/O(Input/Output devices), Programs ESifh Partation wdkYonf
tvGefta&;BuD;onf/
7
Partation wGif Linux \ minimum requirement rSm root twGuf partition wpfck
oD;oefY&Sd&rnf/ physical memory udk management vkyf&ef swap partition wpfck
&Sd&rnf/ ¤if; swap partition onf rdrdpuf\ RAM memory yrmP\ ESpfq jzpf&rnf/
boot partition twGuf primary partition wpfck &Sd&rnf jzpfNyD; ¤if; partition onf hard
disk \ cylinder 1024 twGif;wGif &Sd&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux \ boot partition
udk OD;pGm 100MB xm;NyD; cGJ&rnf/
server rsm;twGufrl partition rsm;udk tokH;jyKrnfh server tvdkuf /home, /var,
/usr tp&Sdonfhtwdkif; cGJjcm;xm;&rnf jzpfonf/ tjcm;*&kjyK&ef tcsufrSm swap udk
partition cGJjcm;&mwGif IDE drive wpfcktwGuf swap wpfck&Sd&rnf jzpfonfhtwGuf
tu,fí rdrdpufwGif Hard drive ESpfck &Sdygu swap ESpfckcGJ&rnf/ Hard drive okH;ck &Sdygu
swap okH;ck cGJxm;&rnf jzpfonf/
Linux OS udk install jyKvkyfonfh install methods rsm;teuf CD Rom rS install
jyKvkyfonfh method rSm tokH;rsm;aomaMumifh atmufwGif CD Rom rS install jyKvkyfykH
tqifhqifhudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Booting with Linux Installer package
Bootable Linux OS Installer CD udk CD drive twGif;odkYxnf;NyD; pufudk restart
ay;um CD rS Boot vkyfrnf qdkygu Linux \ Installation mode a&G;cs,faom screen
ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/ Installation mode wGif Graphic mode ESifh text mode tjyif
maintainence mode [lí a&G;cs,f&ef okH;ckyg&Sdonf/ Linux tm; pwifavhvmolrsm;
taeESifh Graphical mode udkom a&G;cs,foifhonf/ xdkYaMumifh graphic mode udk enter
EdkyfNyD; a&G;cs,fvdkufygu next step odkYa&muf&SdoGm;onfudk atmufygtwdkif;
jrifawGUEkdifygonf/
8
¤if;tqifhwGif Install vkyf&ef CD media udk awGU&SdaMumif;ESifh ¤if; CD tm; aumif;?
raumif; ppfaq;Munfh&eftwGuf ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí ppfaq;rI rjyKvkyfcsifygu skip
udk a&G;cs,f&ygrnf/ xdkodkYa&G;cs,fvdkufaomtcgwGif RED Hat Linux Installation \
Welcome screen udk Graphic mode jzihfawGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/
Next udk ESdyfvdkufaomtcgwGif Linux OS tm; install jyKvkyfaepOfwGif tokH;jyKrnfh
language setting a&Gcs,faom dialog box ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/
Next button udk EdkyfvdkufaomtcgwGif rdrdvuf&SdtokH;jyKaeaom keyboard
trsdk;tpm;a&G;cs,fonfh dialog box ufk atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/
9
aemufwpfqifhwGif vuf&SdtokH;jyKaeaom rdrdpufrS mouse trsdK;tpm; a&G;cs,fonfh
dialog box rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfNyD; next button udk Edkyfum Installation Type
a&G;cs,fonfh tqifhodkY oGm;&ygrnf/
Installation type a&G;cs,f&mwGif Personal, Workstation, server ESifh custom
[lí&SdNyD; rdrdtokH;jyKrnfh field t& installation type udka&G;cs,f&rnf jzpfonf/
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aemuftqifhwGif partition tydkif;a&mufNyD jzpfNyD; ¤if;wGif auto partition cGJjcif;ESifh
manual cGJjcif; ESpfrsdK;udk a&G;cs,fcdkif;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí auto udka&G;cs,fygu
vG,fulaomfvnf; rdrdpufwGif wpfckxufydkaom OS &Sdaeygu ¤if;OS udk
xdcdkufysufpD;aprnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh manual udkom a&G;cs,fNyD; next udk click &ygrnf/
xdktcgwGif rdrdwdkYpuf&Sd partition onf Linux File system twGuf readable
jzpfaom partition r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh Linux File system rS readable jzpfatmif
Hard Disk tm; initialize vkyfrnf jzpfaMumif;ESifh ¤if; drive &Sd data rsm;
ysufpD;aysmufqkH;rnf jzpfaMumif; owday;aom dialog bos ay:vmrnf jzpfNyD; YES udkom
click &ygrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf manual partition udk a&G;cs,fxm;aomaMumifh next
step wGif rdrdwdkYpdwfBudKuf partition udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
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xdktcg rdrdwGif&Sdaom Hard disk yrmPESifh ¤if;\ tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
azmfjyxm;aom screen wpfck ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/
¤if;wGif New tm; click í partition topfwpfckudk zefwD;&ygrnf/ yxrOD;qkH;
zefwD;aom partition rSm Linux operating System twGuf ta&;ygaom boot partition
tydkif;jzpfNyD; xdk boot partition tydkif;onf primary jzpf&eftvGefta&;BuD;onf/ xdkYtjyif
boot partition tydkif;onf Hard disk \ cylinder size wGif 1024 xufrausmfvGefap&yg/
1024 xufausmfvGefvsif boot rwufaom error rsm; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfaomaMumifh
¤if;partition udk hard disk \ cylinder 1024 rausmfaom xdyfqkH;tydkif; \ 100 MB
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wGifxm;&Sd&ygrnf/ Boot partition udk zefwD;&mwGif mount point drop down list wGif
/boot udka&G;cs,fNyD; file system type rSm Ext3 xm;&Sd&ygrnf/ Size(MB) udk 100 xm;í
Force to be primary partition udk check vkyfum OK udk click &ygrnf/
ykHwGifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; jzpfygonf/
xyfrHí New udkEdkyfum swap twGuf partition udk owfrSwfay;&ygrnf/
*&kjyK&eftcsufrSm swap partition \ size onf rdrdpuf\ RAM yrmPxuf ESpfq
ydkrsm;&rnf jzpfonf/
aemufqkH; usefaom root partition udk cGJjcrf;&mwGif mount point \ drop down
list wGif "/" udk a&G;cs,fxm;&SdNyD; Fill to maximum all0owabl size udk check
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vkyfay;rnfqdkygu usef&Sdaeaom Hard Disk tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk "/" rS ,lvdkuf&efjzpfNyD;
root partition wpfck wnfaqmufay;rnf jzpfonf/
xdkodkY r&Sdrjzpf minimum vdktyfaom partition okH;ckudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm
owfrSwfay;NyD;aemuf tu,fí /usr, /home, /var tp&Sdaom partition rsm;udkvnf; rdrdwdkY
tokH;jyKrnfh taetxm;ay:rlwnfum cGJvdku cGJEkdifonf/ t"duvdktyfaom partition
okH;ckudk cGJjcrf;NyD;aemuf atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/
14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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21
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Command Synopsis Description
adduser adduser dsoneil | This command will automatically add a
new user
to the system
|The Bash script can be found in /usr/sbin if
it needs to be changes
alias alias help=man | The alias command allows you to
substitute a new name for a command
alias long=ls -al | An alias can also contain command line
options
| Unless the alias definition is included in
your .login file it is only temporary
apropos apropos keyword | Display command names based on
keyword search
at at 1:23 lp /home/index.html | The at command runs a list of commands
at a specified time (e.g. print @ 1:23)
at 1:50 echo ‘‘lp Job Done’’ | This uses the echo command to send a
message at 1:50 saying a print job is done
at --l | Lists all scheduled jobs; an alias for the
atq command
at -d 5555 | This will cancel job number 5555; an alias
for the atrm command
batch Example: | Temporarily blank
cat cat /etc/filename | Prints specified file to the screen
cat file.a > file.b | Moves file.a to file.b
cat -n file.a | This will show the contents of the
file with line numbers (-b number only no
blank lines)
cat /proc/scsi/scsi | This will list all the SCSI processes
running on your system
cd cd /home/dsoneil | Changes directories to the specified one
cd ~username | This will move you to the users specified
home directory
chattr chattr +i /etc/passwd | makes the named file immutable.
Attributes are not shown by ls; use lsattr
chfn chfn dsoneil | This will allow you to change finger
22
information on that user
| As an example it will allow you to change
dsoneil to Darcy S. O’Neil
chmod chmod 666 filename | This command will give a file Read - Write
permission for everyone
chmod 777 filename | This command gives Read - Write –
Execute permission to everyone
chmod a=rwx file | This gives Read - Write - Execute
permission to all users
chown chown dso /home/html | This command will change the owner of
the specified directory to dso
chown dso /home/file.a | This command will change the owner of
the specified file to dso
clear clear | This will clear your screen
cmp cmp -s file.a file.b | Compares 2 files of any type. The -s option
will return nothing in the files arethe same
cp cp file.a file.b | This will create a duplicate of file.a under a
new file name, file.b
cpio ls /home | cpio -o > /root | This will copy the files of /home to the
directory /root
cpio -it < /root > bk.indx | This will extract all of the files to /root and
creates an index file called bk.indx
cpkgtool |Graphical front end to installpkg,
removepkg, makepkg that uses ncurses.
cron crontab -e | Edit your personnel crontab file
| The main crontab files can be found in the
/etc directory
date date | Will outout the present date to the screen
date --date=‘‘2001-3-15‘‘ | This will set date to 2001-Mar-15
date --date=‘‘2001-3-15 11:59 AM’’ | This will set the date as well as time
dmesg dmesg |Prints out the bootup messages so you can
locate errors
df df -hT | Displays the total size, used and available
space on all mounted file systems
du du -k /home/html | Provides a summary of the disk space
usage, in kb, within the specified path
du -k /home/html/file.a | Provides a summary of disk spaced used
by a particular file
e2fsck e2fsck /dev/fd0 | To "scandisk" a floppy (run while the
floppy is unmounted)
e2fsck /dev/hda1 | Also can be used to scan for disk errors on
hard drive partitions
fc fc -l | Lists your recent commands (Beware that
fc is dangerous w/o -l because it will run
commands)
fdformat fdformat /dev/fd0 | low level format of a floppy device in drive
fd0
fdformat /dev/fd0H1440 |This will fromat a “Double Sided High
Density”disk
23
file file file.a | This command will try to determine what
type of file file.a is. (exec, text, etc.)
file -z file.a.tar | Looks inside a compressed file to
determine it’s type.
file -L file.a Follows symbolic links to be followed to
determine file type
find find /path -name passwd | Locates the specified string (passwd),
starting in the specified directory (/path)
| All filenames or directories containing the
string will be printed to the screen
finger finger | This will list all users currently logged into
the UNIX system
free free -t --o | Provides a snapshot of the system
memory usage
fsck fsck /had | file system check and repair
git | This is a file system viewer (Use F10 to
exit)
grep cat /etc/passwd | grep dso | This searches for and limits the
command output to the pattern specified
| In this case all instances of dso from the
/etc/passwd file are printed
grep -i ‘‘Sample’’ /home/dsoneil | The -i option makes the search indifferent
to case (e.g. sample or SAMPLE)
groupadd groupadd sudos | Create a new group called sudos on the
system
groups groups | Shows which groups you are in
gzip gzip file.a | This will zip file.a and give it the extension
file.a.gz
gzip -d file.a.gz | This will unzip the file file.a.gz
tar -zxvf file.a.tar.qz | The z flag allow you to decompress the tar
file on the fly
history history | grep sneak | To retrive your recent commands with
"sneak" somewhere in them. 6/00
history -d 1061 | To delete history entry 1061, which may
be a password in cleartext.
hostname | Get or set hostname. Typically, the host
name is stored in the file /etc/HOSTNAME.
Ifconfig ifconfig eth0 | This will display the status of the currently
defined interface (.e.g Ethernet Card 0)
ifconfig eth0 up | This flag causes the iterface to be
activated (To deactivate an interface use
down)
ifconfig eth1 192.168.0.2 up | Makes eth1 active with IP address
192.168.0.2
insmod | used (by root) to install modular device
drivers
installpkg installpkg -r packagename.tgz | This will install a Slackware
package with the name you specify (-r
option)
24
removepkg removepkg -copy packagename | This will remove the named package but
make a copy in the /tmp directory
rpm2targz rpm2targz filename.rpm | This will convert an RPM file to a
Slackware .tgz package
upgradepkg upgradepkg packagename.tgz | This will upgrade a Slackware package
and remove any old or no used files
ipchains ipchains [-A -s -d -j] [Input / Output] | This command is used to ACCEPT or
DENY access to your system
ipchains -A input -s 24.1.50.25 -j DENY | This will block the IP address
24.1.50.25 from accessing your system
ipchains -A output -d 24.1.50.2 -j DENY | This command will DENY your
system from accesing this IP address
| [-A append] [-s source] [-d destination] [-j
join]
jobs jobs | This will list all jobs presently running on
your system
kernelcfg | GUI to add/remove kernel modules (as
root in X terminal).
kill kill 2587 | Kills the process specified by the Process
ID Number (2587)
kill -9 2587 | The -9 flag forces the process to die
last last -300 | Prints to the screen the username,
location, log-in and log-off times of the last
last -5 username | -x logins to the system. The username will
select the last x time that person has
| used the system. The last command is not
traceable.
lastlog lastlog | Displays a list of the login attempts / times
of all users on the system (security check)
less less /html/index.html | Less displays information a screen at a
time, you can also page back and forth
lilo lilo --v | To write or correct boot config to disk. Use
this comand after modifying /etc/lilo.conf
| Do this before rebooting (to avoid "LIL-" on
startup) if it's been a while
lilo -b /dev/fd0 | This command will make a boot disk
ln ln -s /usr/dso ./home/html | Creates a “symbolic” link from the first
directory or file to the second. A user
changing
| into ./home/html will actually be directed to
the /usr/dso directory.
locate locate wordperfect | The locate command will locate the file
specified aand output a directory path (see
“updatedb”)
lpr lpr /home/html/index.html | This command will print the file index.html
to the printer
lprm lprm 12 | This command will cancel pint job 12 in
the printer queue
lpq lpq | This will show the contents of the print
25
queue
ls ls -al | Lists all information on all files (-a) in the
current directory in single line
| format (-l). Includes permissions, owners,
modification time, file size and name
ls --F | Marks (directories with a trailing / ) - (
executables with an *) (symbolic links w/ @)
ls /proc/sys/net/ipv4 | This will ist all IP4 (masquerading) entries
in the system processes directories
lspci lspci | Lists your PCI devices
lsof lsof |grep :<port number> | This will show you what program has that
port open.
lsmod | used (by root) to show kernel modules
currently loaded
make make mrproper | Cleans up junk accidentally left behind by
the development team
make menuconfig | This will ask you a series of questions
about your system and drive requirements
make dep | This will use dependencies
make clean | The clean command will clean up any
unnecessary files left lying around
make bzImage | This will begin the process of compiling
your new kernel
make lnx | This specified that the source will be
compiled under a Linux system
make install | After the make command this will install
the compiled binaries to their directories
make modules | This will compile all the necessary
modules
make modules_install | This will install modules into the
/lib/modules directory
man man vi | Prints the manual page on the specific
topic (vi) to the screen. To scroll down
| the page use the Space Bar, to scroll up
use the letter b, to exit press the q key.
md5sum md5sum filename.tgz | To ensure a copy between
machines went perfectly
mkdir mkdir pascal | This will create new directory (pascal) in
the present directory
mkfs mkfs -t msdos -c -v /dos-drive | Formats a partition and builds a new
filesystem on it
mkfs -t xfs -c -v /home | -t specifies filesystem type, -v produces
verbose output, -c checks for bad blocks
more more /home/html/index.htm | Paginates the specified file so it can be
read line by line (using Enter key) or
| screen by screen using the Space Bar.
Use b key to move back and q to quit.
mount mount -t msdos /dev/hda5 /dos | Mounts the msdos partition on the Hard
Drive (hda5) to the directory /dos
26
mount -t iso9660/dev/sr0 /cd | Mounts the CD-ROM under the directory
/cd
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt | Mounts the floppy drive with an msdos file
system to /mnt
mount -a /etc/fstab | Attempts to mount all file systems located
in the /etc/fstab file
mv mv ./home/file ./dso/file | Moves the specified file to another
directory
netstat netstat -tap | grep LISTEN |This will give us a list of all currently
running TCP servers that are LISTENing on
a port
netstat -t -u --a | This will list all UDP and TCP ports that
are open
nice nice -5 sort one.a > two.b | This command adjusts the priority of a
process before it starts
| The higher the number the lower the
priority. All process start at 10
nmap nmap localhost | This will port scan the ‘localhost’ server to
determine open ports
nmap -sT -sU -p 1-65535 localhost | This will thoroughly check all ports on
the system (both UDP and TCP)
nohup | This command allows a process to
continue after you log out
passwd passwd | Launches the password program so the
user can change their password
ps ps | Lists all current running processes, their
corresponding pids, and their status
ps -ef | grep dsoneil | This will find all of the processes for user
dsoneil
pstree pstree --p | Provides a list of running processes in a
tree structure
pwd pwd | Prints the current working directory
quota quota | Lists the user’s quotas for both ada
(/home/ada/a#/username) and amelia
| (/var/spool/mail/username), indicating the
number of blocks used and the users quota.
renice renice -5 6641 | Adjusts the priority of the running process
6641 (The 5 lowers the priority to use less
resources)
rm rm file.a | Removes the specified file in your current
directory
rm -i file.a | Removes specified file but prompts for
confirmation before deleting
rm -r /home/dso | Removes the specified directory and all
files in that directory
rmdir rmdir pascal | Removes the empty directory specified, if
not empty you will receive an error
rmdir -r pascal | Removes the directory and all files in that
directory (if supported)
27
route route -n | Displays the Linux Kernel IP routing table
route add -net 192.168.0.0 eth0 | This will tell other systems what network
to route your system on
route add default gw 192.168.0.5 eth0 | This will tell the your system where
the Internet gateway is located
| This information can be added to you
/etc/rc.d/rc.local system files (Slackware)
rpm rpm -i file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will unpack an RPM file. This is the
most basic method of installation
rpm -U file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will install an upgrade to a previous
RPM package.
rpm -i --force file.rpm | The –force option will force the package to
re-install
rpm -e file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will remove and RPM package. (You
do not need to use the complete name)
rpm -i --nodeps file.rpm | This command uses the “no
dependencies” flag.
rpm --qa | This will give a screen print out of all
packages installed (q is query)
rpm -qa | grep gtk | This will print out all of the rpm packages
will gtk in the file name
rpm -qi file.2.0-i386.rpm | This will provide information on the
package you are about to install
rpm --rebuild file.2.0.rpm | This will rebuild a package if it has been
corrupted by another installation process
su su username | This will allow you to access the
Superuser privileges. Type exit to revert
back to normal
shutdown shutdown -t 10.00 | This will notify all logged in users
that the system will shut down at 10:00 AM
shutdown -r -t 20.00 | This will reboot the system at 8:00 PM
shutdown -t +10 good day | This will shutdown the system in 10
minutes with the message “good day” sent
shutdown --f | The -f flag will cause Linux to do a fast
reboot
sort sort myfile | To sort files. (Options -r Reverse normal
order, -n Sort in numeric order
tar tar -cf /usr/dso.tar /home | This command copies the directory /home
to the file /user/dso.tar
tar cvf /backup.tar /dso | This will create a tar archive of everything
in the directory /dso
tar -xvf file.a.tar | This command will extract the tar archive
tar -tvf file.a.tar | more | This will allow you to check whether the
tar archive starts with a directory
tar -zxvf file.a.tgz | This command will unzip and extract the
file in one step as opposed to using gzip
top M for memory usage information | This program shows a lot of stuff that
goes on with your system. In the
P for CPU information | program, you can type: q to quit
28
touch touch file.a | Creates an empty file in the current
directory with the name file
umask umask -S u=rw,g=,o= | Specify the permission for files when files
are created for owner(u),group(g), and
others(o)
umask 022 | you can use 022 for read only file
permission for others and 077 for read and
write permission
uname uname -a | This will print to the screen the Linux
Kernel in use on your system
updatedb updatedb | This will update the “locate” database
uptime uptime -a 192.168.0.100 | Shows system uptime and includes a list of
users who have been idle for more than one
hour
userdel userdel -r dsoneil | This will delete the user dsoneil from the
system, the -r option will delete the users
/home
w w | Lists all users currently logged into the
UNIX system. Provides information such
| as username, login time, idle time, and
current action
whatis whatis cat | Provides a one-line summary of the
command
which which -a filename | This will search through all directories in
your current path and find all files named
filename
who who | Lists currently logged on users username,
port, and when they logged in
whoami whoami | Tells the user who they are acting as;
usually their own username.
Other Useful Commands
Ctrl-Alt-F1: installation dialog
Ctrl-Alt-F2: shell prompt
Ctrl-Alt-F3: install log
Ctrl-Alt-F4: system related messages
Ctrl-Alt-F5: other messages
Ctrl-Alt-F7: X graphical display
txufazmfjyyg Linux commandrsm;onf tokH;rsm;aom Linux command
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od&SdEdkifonf/ "d" qdkvsif directory jzpfNyD; "l" qdkvsif physical r&SdbJ tjcm; file wpfckudk
link vkyfxm;onf[k odEdkifonf/ "c" qdkvsif character device jzpfonfh modem rsm;?
tape drive rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ "b" qdkygu block device qdkaom floopy rsm;? CD rsm;
jzpfMuonf/
30
ls comman tokH;NyKNyD; files rsm;udk list vkyfMunfhyHktm; atmufwGif
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
txufwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; "-" ygonf files system rsm;onf files rsm;
jzpfMuNyD; "d" rsm;onf directory rsm;jzpfMuonf/ aemufxyfusef&Sdaom 9-bit onf file
permission tydkif; jzpfonf/
File type &
permission
depth owner group size Creation time filename
drwxr-x--- 12 root root 4096 Sep 18 14:17 gtkrc
31
txufwGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; File type & permission tydkif;wGif 10-bit udk
awGU&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ d onf directory jzpfNyD; rwxr-x--- onf file permission
jzpfonf/ r, w, x \ t"dyÜg,frSm ESifh wefzdk;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
r = 4 read
w = 2 write
x = 1 execute
d rwx r-x ---
d 421 4-1 0
d 7 5 0
txufwGif azmfjyxm;onfh twdkif; yxr okH;wGJonf root twGuf permission
jzpfonf/ 'kwd,onf group twGuf jzpfonf/ wwd,onf root group xJwGif
ryg0ifonfh user rsm;twGuf permission jzpfonf/
r, w, x ESifhywfoufNyD; Linux wGif umask qdkonfh default permission
wpfck&Sdonf/ umask \ default value rSm 022 jzpfonf/
Full permission access 777
umask 022
755
xkdYaMumifh Linux wGif omref text file wpfck zefwD;wdkif; xdk file \ default
permission rSm 755 jzpfonf/ file permission ajymif;&mwGif tokH;jyKaom command rSmchmod
jzpfonf/ chomd \ t&SnfrSm change mode jzpfonf/ chmod udk okH;&ef erlem
syntax rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
chmod 777 filename
chmod a=rwx filename
txufyg command line rsm;onf file wpfcktm; user tm;vkH;udk read,
write, execute vkyfEkdifaom permission ay;onfh command rsm;jzpfonf/
Operating system rsm;wGif OS udk tokH;jyKol user rsm;u wdkuf&dkufcdkif;apcsif
r[kwfyJ shell udkom apcdkif;csif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux OS wGifvnf; shell &Sdonf/
Linux \ shell rSm Unix \ shell (3)rsdK; jzpfaom
32
bsh = borne shell
ksh = korne shell
csh = cshell wdkYjzpfonf/
Linxs wGif xdk shell (3)rsdK;onf toGifajymif;NyD;
bsh onf bash (born again shell)
ksh onf kash
C onf c shell taejzifh a&muf&SdcJhonf/
Linux \ bash wGif command completation qdkaom feature ygonfhtwGuf
pmwpfvkH;&dkufNyD; tab cvkwfEdkyfvdkufygu command line twGJvdkuf ay:aom
pepfyg0ifonf/
txufwGif Linux ESifhywfoufaom command rsm;? Linux \ tajccHMuaom
feature tcsdKUudk avhvmcJh&NyD; jzpfonfhtjyif Linux OS version 9 udk graphical mode jzifh
install vkyfykH tqifhqifhudk od&SdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux OS jzifh
pwiftvkyfvkyf&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; command rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0if&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif; atmufwGif qufvufazmfjyygrnf/
yxrOD;pGm Linux udk pwif&mwGif Linux RED Hat \ OS choice menu ay:vmrnf
jzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf enter Edkyfvdkufaomtcg linux OS rS device rsm; command rsm; ?
features rsm;udk loading vkyfaeaom tcsuftvufrsm; azmfjyonfh screen udk awGU&Sd&rnf
33
jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf Linux OS tm; install vkyfpOfu Text mode ESifh login 0ifrnf [k
option ay;cJhaomaMumifh Text mode login udk atmufygtwdkif; awGU&Sd&rnf jzpfonf/
¤if; login name wGif root user taeESifh 0ifa&mufrnf qdkygu root [k&dkufEdkyfNyD;
enter Edkyfygu root password awmif;rnfjzpfonf/ root password &dkufoGif;NyD; enter
Edkyfygu root user taeESifh login 0ifNyD;atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfonf/ password
udk jrifawGU&rnf r[kwfay/
34
root taeESifh login 0ifNyD;aomtcgwGif owdjyK&eftcsufrSm # sign jzpfonf/ #
onf root authority &aom user rsm;wGifom jrifawGUEdkifrnf jzpfNyD; tjcm; root authority
r&aom user rsm;wGif # sign tpm; $ sign udk awGjrifEdkifonf/ qufvufNyD; rdrdonf
rnfoljzpfonf? rnfonfh account jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif aeonfudk odvdkygu
t&dk;&Sif;qkH;jzpfonfh command rSm whoami jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf root r[kwfaom omref
user account wpfckudk jhon [laomtrnfjzifh create vkyfMunfhrnfjzpfonf/ user
account zefwD;onfh command rSm useradd jzpfonf/ zefwD;vdkufaom user account
jhon twGuf password ay;aom tcgwGif passwd jhon [k &dkufEdkyfvdkufygu changing
password for user jhon [k ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/ xdktcg rdrd&dkufoGif;vdkaom password
udk &dkufoGif;&ygrnf password onf wdkvGef;aeygu odkYr[kwf vG,fulaeygu BAD
password jzpfaMumif; ajymrnf jzpfaomfvnf; password conformation wGif
&dkufoGif;cJhaom password udk aemufwpfBudrf &dkufoGif; &rnf jzpfonf/ xkdtcg user
acoount jhon twGuf password rSm successfully change jzpfoGm;aMumif; azmfjyrnf
jzpfonf/
zefwD;xm;aom user account jhon udk delete vkyfrnfqdkygu command rSm
userdel jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumif; userdel jhon udk &dkufEdkyfygu jhon qdkaom user
account ysufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf clear udk &dkufEdkyfygu screen &Sif;oGm;rnf
jzpfonf/ tu,fí rnfonfh user account rSrqdk logout vkyfvdkygu Ctrl+d odkYr[kwf
exit udk&dkufEdkyfygu logout jzpfoGm;rnf jzpfNyD; login screen odkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sd oGm;rnf
jzpfonf/
tu,fí file wpfckudk zefwD;vdkygu command rSm touch jzpfonf/ syntax rSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
35
touch filename
test qdkaom file wpfckudk wnfaqmufvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if; file udk temp
directory atmufxJodkY xnfhvdkvsif
cp test /tmp
jzpfonf/ cp qdkonfrSm copy \ twdkaumuf jzpfNyD; temp directory atmufodkY
a&mufra&muf odvdkvsif
ls -al /tmp/test
[k &dkufEdkyfvdkufygu awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ test file udk jyefzsufvdkygu command rSmrm
test
jzpfNyD; file tm; zsufrnfqdkonfh conformation udk ar;rnf jzpfonf y udk
&dkufEdkyfvdkufygu ysufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ ls -al command jzifh jyefMunfhygu
ysufoGm;onfudk awGUjrif&rnf jzpfonf/
Linux onf login 0ifvsif0ifcsif; '/' ac: root directory xJodkYa&mufaeayvdrfhrnf/
tjcm; directory xJodkY oGm;csifygu DOS rSmuJhodkY cd (change directory) jzpfonf/ temp
directory odkYoGm;vdkvsif cd /tmp [k&dkufEdkyf&rnf/ rdrda&muf&Sdaeaom directory udk
odvdkvsif pwd (print working directory) qdkaom command udk &dkufEdkyfygu
vuf&Sda&mufaeaom directory udk azmfjyrnf jzpfonf/
aemufwzef test qdkaom file wpfck zefwD;NyD; ¤if; file tm; test 1 [k emrnf
ajymif;vdkygu mv qdkaom command jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif ¤if; file tm; permission
ajymif;rnfqdkygu chmod qdkaom command udk okH;&rnf jzpfonf/ atmufwGif
emrnfajymif;ykHESifh permission ajymif;vJykHwdkYudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
36
file rsm;tm; list vkyfMunfhaomtcgwGif tpdrf;a&mifrSm binary file jzpfNyD;
tjzLa&mifrSm ASCII file jzpfonf/
System Administration
Linux wGif system udk configuration file rsm;jzifh xdrf;csKyfonf/ xdk
configuration file rsm;onf omref ASCII file rsm;omjzpfonfhtwGuf ¤if; file rsm;udk edit
vkyf&ef editor rsm;jzifh configure vkyf&onf/ Edit vkyfaom editor rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf
1990 ckESpf linux pwifay:aygufonfhtcsdefrS pwifí ,aeYwdkiftokH;jyKvsuf&Sdaom editor
rSm vi editor jzpfonf/ aemufwpfrsdK;rSm mcedit ESifh tjcm; third party editor
rsm;vJ&Sdonf/ vi onf tjcm; editor rsm;ESifh ,SOfvsif ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfrSm script
vkyf&mwGif process awGudk sentence rsm;jzifh edit vkyfEdkifonfhtwGufjzpfNyD; vi onf linux
ray:cif ay:cJhzl;aom edlin qdkonfh line editor ESifh qifwlonf/ vi \ command
rsm;onf vG,fulonfhtwGuf linux &Sdvsif vi &Sd&rnf jzpfNyD; vi &SdaeorQ Linux &Sdaernf
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh Linux tokH;jyKolrsm; taeESifh vi udk tuRrf;w0if&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/
vi editor udk pwifrnf qdkygu command rSm t&dk;&Sif;qkH; jzpfNyD; vi [k
&dkufEdkyf&kHjzifh vi editor odkY 0ifa&mufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí temp qdkaom file
wpfckudk vi jzifh create vkyfrnfqdkygu vi temp [k&dkufEdkyf&ygrnf/ vi editor wGif pwif
edit vkyf&ef 'i' Edkyfvdkufrnfqdkygu inseart [k screen \ atmufqkH;wGif
ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaemufrdrd vdk&mudk edit vkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
37
vi editor wGif insert rvkyfyJ vi editor udk command ay;vdkygu Esc cvkwfudk
&dkufEdkyfNyD; command ay;Edkifygonf/ owdjyK&efrSm Esc udk &dkufNyD; ':' sign udk
&dkufay;&onf/ odkYrSom command ay;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ vi editor tm; edit vkyfNyD;vsif
save vkyf&ef command rSm Ecs EdkyfNyD; ':' sign Edkyf&ygrnf/ NyD;vsif 'w' jzpfonf/ write
[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ vi editor rS save vkyfNyD; xGufvdkygu wq jzpfNyD; tu,fí bmwpfckrQ
edit rvkyfyJ xGufvdkvsif !q jzpfonf/
zefwD;xm;aom temp file wGif line tcsdKU&dkufEdkyfNyD; txufazmfjyyg command
rsm;twdkif; save NyD; vi editor rS xGufMunfhyg/ xdkYaemuf vi temp qdkaom command
jzifh temp file udk jyefzGifhMunfhEdkifygonf/ xdkYtjyif edit rvkyfyJ Munfh&kHrQom Munfhvdkvsif
cat command udk okH;Edkifonf/ cat filename jzpfonf/ temp file udk Munfhrnfqdkygu
cat temp jzpfonf/ cat taMumif;udk odvdkygu cat --help udk&dkufEdkyfNyD;
tao;pdwfod&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
zefwD;xm;aom temp zdkiftm; vi editor jzifhjyefvnf edit vkyfrnf qdkygu vi temp
[k &dkufEdkyfNyD; edit vkyfEdkifonf/ ¤if; file twGif;rS lne wpfcktm; copy vkyfvdkygu copy
vkyfvdkaom line wGif coursor xm;NyD; Esc udkEdkyfNyD;vsif yy udkEdkyfNyD; copy ul;&ygrnf/
xdkYaemuf paste csvdkaom ae&mwGif coursor xm;NyD; pp udkEdkyfrnfqdkygu copy
ul;NyDjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ wpfaMumifr[kwfyJ 5 aMumif; copy yGm;vdku 5p jzpfonf/ 3 aMumif;
jzpfu 3p jzpfNyD; zsufvdku dd udkEdkyfNyD; zsuf&rnf jzpfonf/
38
Esc udkEkdyfNyD; j, k,l, h udk EdSyfygu coursor udk tay:atmuf ab;b,fnm
oGm;wmjzpfonf/ vi editor twGif rdrd&Smvdkaom pmvkH;udk &Sm&eftwGuf command rSm Esc
udk EdkyfNyD; / ESifh &SmcsifwJh pmvkH;udk (/ice) &dkuf&rnf jzpfonf/ vi editor jzifh
configuration file rsm;udk edit vkyfjcif; taMumif; od&SdNyD;onfhaemuf atmufygtwdkif;
vufawGUprf;oyfMunfhEdkifygonf/ cd /etc udk&dkufEdkyfí etc directory atmufodkY0ifNyD; ¤if;
directory xJ&Sd passwd tm; vi passwd command jzifh edit vkyfMunfhygrnf/ vi editor
odkYa&muf&SdaomtcgwGif jhon user account ab;&Sd 501 ESifh 502 wdkYonf user ID
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if; ID rsm;ae&mwGif 0 wefzdk;rsm; tpm;oGif;NyD; wq jzifh write vkyfNyD; quit
vkyfrnfqdkygu jhon onf root \ authority &aom user account jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
tu,fí rdrdpufxJwGif root authority &aom user account b,fESpfck&Sdaeonfudk
od&Sdvdkygu grep jzifh atmufygtwdkif; MunfhEdkifonf/
cat passwd | grep 0:0 | wc -l
xdktcg ta&twGuf rnfrQ&SdaeaMumif; atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; print
vkyfjyrnfjzpfonf/
39
tu,fí omref user account jzifh tvkyfvkyfaepOftwGif; root account taejzifh
authorized vkyf&rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif su – udk tokH;jyKNyD; root user account taejzifh
tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf root password udk&dkufoGif;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ tu,fí '-'
sign rygvsif root account \ shell tppftrSefudk rokH;yJ vuf&SdtokH;jyKaeaom user \
shell udk tokH;jyKum root \ authority udk&,lrnf jzpfonf/
The signal of Linux
Linux wGif OS pwifjcif;? reboot vkyfjcif;? Graphical mode ESifh pwifjcif; odkYr[kwf
CLI mode jzifh login 0ifjcif; ponfwdkYudk xdrf;csKyfonfrSm signal rsm;jzifh xdrf;csKyfonf/
¤if; signal rsm;udk initaialization signal rsm;[kac:NyD; xdk signal rsm;udk inittab qdkaom
file jzifh xdrf;csKyfxm;onf/ inittab file onf /etc atmufwGif&Sdonf/ vi editor jzifh edit
vkyfonfhtcg atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGU&rnf jzpfygonf/
signal '0' onf shutdown
signal '1' onf Singleuser mode
signal '2' onf NFS(Network File Systam) rygaom Multiuser mode
signal '3' onf Full multiuser mode or CLI mode
signal '4' onf for reserve
signal '5' onf graphical mode with NFS and Multiuser
signal '6' onf restart the system jzpfonf/
ykHwGif id:3:initdefault: onf (3) jzpfonfhtwGuf Full multiuser mode
without GUI jzpfonfhtwGuf command Line mode jzifh login wufvmrnf jzpfonf/
tu,fí default value 3 ae&mwGif 5 tjzpfajymif;vJNyD; wq jzifh overwrite
vkyfrnfqdkygu GUI mode jzifh login wufvmrnf jzpfonf/
40
File system rsm;ae&m,lxm;ykHESifh ywfoufNyD; Linux wGif fstab qdkaom
command jzifh File system table udkMunhfEdkifonf/ xdkYenf;wl PCI device rsm;udk list
vkyfMunfhvdkygu lspci command jzpfonf/ module rsm;udk list vkyfMunfhonfh
command rSm lsmod jzpfonf/ modules.conf file onf hardware rsm;\ module
rsm;taMumif;ESifh ¤if;wdkYudk drive vkyfaom file jzpfonf/ ¤if; file onf /etc atmufwGif
&Sdonf/ cat /etc/modules.conf udk&dkufEdkyfí modules rsm;udkMunfh&IEdkifonf/
xdkYtwl rdrdpuf&Sd Harddisk rsm;\ disk space udk odvdkvsif df command udk okH;&rnf/
du command onf file system rsm;tvdkuf ae&m,lxm;onfh yrmPrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;
jzpfonf/ du -hs /etc qdkvsif etc directory \ t&G,ftpm;udk azmfjyvdrfhrnf/
DOS wGif partition cGJvdkcsif fdisk command jzifhokH;EdkifouJhodkY Linux wGifvnf;
fdisk command udkokH;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf DOS \ fdisk xufxl;jcm;aom
tm;omcsufrSm DOS \ fdisk onf 16-bit FAT udkom manage vkyfEdkifNyD; Linux \
fdisk onf file system rsm;pGmudk manage vkyfay;Ekdifonf/ fdisk command
tm;tokH;jyKykHrSmfdisk
-l /dev/hda
[k&dkufEdkyfygu rdrdMunfhvdkaom harddisk \ information udk odEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
tu,fí -l rygvsif harddisk udk management vkyfrnf[k command ay;jcif; jzpfonf/
-l rygyJ &dkufEdkyfNyD; fdisk ESifh ywfoufí help vdktyfygu m udk &dkufEdkyfMunfh&IEdkifonf/
rdrdpufwGif puf pwifzGifhvsif zGifhcsif; hardware device rsm;udk load vkyfEdkif?
rvkyfEkdifudk od&Sdvdkygu kernel rS wdkuf&dkufxkwfay;aom message rsm;udk jyefvnf
zwf&Ijcif; jzifh od&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ kernel rSxkwfay;aom message udk zwf&ef
command rSm dmesg jzpfNyD; more cH&dkufrSom wpfvdkif;csif;pD awGUjrifEkdifrnf/ xdkYaMumifh
command line rSmdmesg
| more
rdrdpufwGif tokH;jyKaeaom RAM yrmP rnfrQ free jzpfaeonfudk odvdkygu
command rSm free om jzpfonf/
41
Searching in Linux
Linux wGif rdrd&Smvdkaom files rsm;? directory rsm;udk tvG,fwul &SmEdkif&eftwGuf
search command rsm;&Sdonf/ owdjyK&efrSm searching rvkyfrD updatedb qdkaom
command jzifh database rsm;udk OD;pGm update jzpfae&ef vkyfxm;oifhygonf/ Linux
twGif;&Sd search command rsm;rSmlocate
filename
find / filename
find command onf rnfonfh directory xJwGif tvkyfvkyfaeonfjzpfap
&Smvdkaom file udk &SmEdkifonfh command jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif binary file rsm;udk &Smvdku
which filename
ae&mudk odvdkygu whereis filename jzifh&SmEdkifonf/
whereis -b filename (binary files rsm;udkom azmfjyrnf)
whereis -m filename (manual page files rsm;udkom azmfjyrnf)
whereis -s filename (sources files rsm;udkomazmfjyrnf)
rdrdpuftwGif user rnfrQ0ifa&mufvkyfudkifonfudk od&Sdvdkyguvnf; w odkYr[kwf
who command jzifhodEkdifrnf/ xdkY tjyif finger command jzifhvnf; od&SdEdkifonf/
odkYaomf finger service onf user plan udkyg azmfjyavh&Sdojzifh tcsdKUonf ¤if; service udk
off xm;avh&Sdonf/
hostname qdkaom command onf name to IP, IP to Name ajymif;vJay;aom
command jzpfonf/ uname command onf hardware ESifh software information rsm;udk
print vkyfjyonf/
42
Process Management
Windows OS ay:&Sd task manager uJhodkY rdrdpufwGif process rnfrQ run
aeonfudk od&SdEdkifonfh command rSm ps jzpfNyD;
ps -ax | more
qdkygu atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
process wGif [---] ygaom process rsm;onf kernel \ process rsm;jzpfNyD; [---]
rygvsif user process jzpfonf/ a&ShwGif yg&Sdaom *Pef;rsm;onf process ID rsm;
jzpfMuNyD; ¤if; ID rsm;jzifhom process management udk jyKvkyf&onf/ process udk stop
vkyfjcif;tm; Linux wGif; process udk kill onf[k ac:onf/ command rSmkill
-9 1576
txufyg command wGif 1576 qdkonfrSm process ID jzpfNyD; -9 qdkonfrSm kill
vkyf&mwGif strongest tjzpfqkH; signal jzpfonf/
Windows \ task manager uJhodkY process rsm;ESifh CPU, RAM ponfwdkY\ status
udkod&SdEdkif&ef command rSm top jzpfonf/ atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEdkifygonf/ top
process manager twGif; tokH;jyKaom command rsm;udk odvdkygu h udk &dkufESdyfNyD;
odEkdifygonf/ process udk kill vdkvsif PID qdkaom process ID eHygwftvdkuf kill
vkyfEkdifonf/ xGufvdku q udkESdyfNyD; xGuf&rnf/
43
Package Management or Software Installation on Linux
Windows platform wGif install vkyfjcif;udk Linux wGif package [kac:onf/ Linux
wGif &Sdaom package type (3)rsdK;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
• RPM (RedHat Package Management)
# rpm
• Debian
# dpkg
• TAR (Tape Archive Format)
# abc.tar.gz (or) abc.tgz
RPM ESifh Debian wdkYonf Linux twGuf oD;oefY specific jzpfonf/ TAR onf Unix
ESifh tjcm; linux rsm;wGif operate vkyfEkdifonf/ RPM type package udk control vkyfaom
command rSm rpm jzpfonf/ Debian udk dpkg jzifh manage vkyfonf/ TAR type onf
tape device wGif odrf;qnf;Edkif&eftxd jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifh command \ aemufwGif
device udk file tjzpf ay;vsif file format jzifh odrf;qnf;rnf jzpfNyD; tape tjzpfay;cJhvsif
tape xJwGif record vkyfvdkY &onf/
multipile files rsm;tm; TAR jzifh package vkyf&mwGif files trsm;BuD;tm; file
wpfckwnf; tjzpf pkaygif;vkdufjcif;om jzpfNyD; compress rvkyfay/ xdkYaMumifh TAR file
wpfckxGufvmvsif Linux wGif &Sdaom zip utility jzpfonfh gzip jzifh compress
vkyfay;&onf/ xdkodkY gzip vkyfvdkufonfhtwGufaMumifh filename.tar file onf
44
filename.tar.gz odkYr[kwf filename.tgz file format jzpfoGm;NyD; file size
vnf;ao;i,foGm;rnf jzpfonf/
tar format awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif source code rsm;ygvmwwfNyD; rdrdpufay:wGif
jyefNyD; compile vkyf&onf/ odkYrSom execute vkyfEdkifonfh binary file xGufvmrnf
jzpfonf/ source code ygvmonf qdkaomfvJ binary vnf; ygvmwwfonf/ source code
xnfhay;&jcif;rSm pufwdkif;wGif operate vkyfEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar format
wGif source code onf primary jzpfNyD; binary file onf secondry jzpfonf/
RPM onf binary file ygvmNyD;om; jzpfouJhodkY vdktyfygu compile vkyfEkdif&ef
source code vnf; ygvmonf/ odkUaomf RPM wGif binary file onf primary jzpfNyD;
source code onf secondary jzpfonf/
RPM onf command wpfaMumif;wnf;ESifh package aygif;rsm;pGmudk management
vkyfEdkifonfhtjyif WEB ay:rSvnf; install vkyfEkdifonf/ tar ESifh rpm wdkY\ command
rsm;teuf tcsdkKUudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
files rsm;tm; csKHNyD; aygif;pnf; (package) vkyfvdkygutar
-cvzf filename /directory
c = create
v = verbose
z = gzip (zip vkyfrnf[k ajymjcif; jzpfonf)
f = file format ESifh output xkwfrnf
txufyg command wGif tar onf tar jzifh package vkyfrnfh command jzpfNyD;
-cvzf onf option jzpfonf/ /directory onf package vkyfvdkaom file \
wnfae&mjzpfonf/
Package vkyfxm;aom file tm; jyefjznfxkwfrnf odkYr[kwf install vkyfrnf qdkygutar
-xvzf filename.tar.gz
x = extract
v = verbose
z = unzip
f = file format
txufyg command wGif filename onf tar format jzifh compress vkyfxm;aom
file jzpfonf/
Uninstall vkyfrnf qdkygu &dk;&Sif;aom command rSm rm jzpfNyD; syntax rSm45
rm -Rf filename
R = remove
f = do not confirm for remove
tu,fí gzip udk tokH;jyKNyD; compress / decompress vkyfvdkvsif gzip ESifh ¤if;\
switch option rsm;rSmgzip
-f force overwrite output file and compress link
-1 (one)compress faster
-9 compress better
-t test compress
-d decompress
-l list
rpm ESifh ywfoufNyD; install / Uninstall vkyfaom command rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
rpm -ivh filename install package
rpm -Uvh filename uninstall package
rpm -ivh --replacepkgs replace package alerady installed
pufxJwGif install vkyfxm;aom package rsm;udk odvdkvsifrpm
-qa | more
rpm -qa | grep packagename
rpm -qpi filename (qpi = query package information)
rpm -qpl filename (qpl = query package list)
install vkyfNyD;om; packages rsm;udk uninstall vkyfvdkvsifrpm
-e filename (e = erase)
Files rsm;udk compress vkyf&mwGif aemufxyf command wpfrsdK;rSm zcat
command jzpfonf/
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CD Rom mount vkyfjcif;
Linux wGif CD Rom udk cd drive xJodkY xnfhoGif;NyD;ygu mount vkyfay;&onf/
odkYrSom cd tm;zwfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ cd udk mount vkyf&efrSmmount
/mnt/cdrom
cd /mnt/cdrom jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf ls command jzifh cd rom tm; list
vkyfMunfhEkdifonf/ cd tm; unmount vkyfvdkygu /dev directory xJodkY jyefoGm;NyD;
unmount cdrom [k &dkufEdkyfEdkifonf/ t&dk;&Sif;qkH;rSm /cdrom rSxGufNyD; eject [k
&dkufEdkyfvdkufygu cd tray xGufvmrnf jzpfonf/
Proxy/Cache Server on Linux
Linux ay:wGif server rsm;tvdkuf services ay;onfh taMumif;rsm;tm;
ravhvmrnf Linux wGif rdrdpufüwwfqifxm;aom NIC rsm;udk IP configuration
vkyfay;onfhtaMumif;udk od&Sdxm;&ayrnf/ IP configuration udk DOS ü ipconfig
command jzifh Munfh&IEdkifouJhodkY Linux wGif &Sdaom command rSm DOS ESifh qifwlonfh
ifconfig (interface configuration) jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifonf/ ¤if; command \ syntax
rSm ifconfig jzpfaomfvnf; tu,fí rdrdpufwGif NIC wpfckxufydkNyD; wwfqifxm;ygu
NIC trnfESifhvnf; Munfh&IEdkifonf/ Oyrm- ifconfig eth0 jzpfonf/
ifconfig jzifh MunfhaomtcgwGif jrifawGU&aom NIC wdkY\ configuration rsm;udk
xdrf;odrf;xm;&Sdonfh zdkifrsm;rSm /etc/sysconfig/network/scripts/ atmufwGif &SdMuonf/ file
names rsm;rSm ifcfg-eth0, ifcfg-eth1 tp&Sdonfjzifh rdrdpufwGif &Sdaom NIC
ta&twGuftvdkuf &Sdrnfjzpfonf/
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tu,fí ¤if; files rsm;r&Sdygu Ethernet udk rdrdudk,fwdkif zefwD;ay;&ayvdrfhrnf/
xdkYaMumifh ¤if; file rsm;\ default wGif rdrdwdkYtokH;jyKaom NIC \ IP address ESifh
Netmask wdkYudk vi editor jzifh jyifqifay;&ayrnf/ ¤if; files tm; Munfhrnfqdkvsif
atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifEdkifrnf/
IPADDR wGif rdrdpuf\ IP address udk &dkufoGif;&rnf/ NETMASK, NETWORK, ESifh
BROADCAST ae&mrsm;wGif vnf; oufqdkif&m Address rsm;&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ xdkYaMumifh IP
address udk configure rvkyf&ao;vsif ifcfg-eth0 udk edit vkyf&rnf/
Linux ay:wGif IP addressing taMumif; azmfjyNyD;onfhaemuf Linux wGif
ay;Edkifonfh DNS, DHCP, Proxy/Cache, E-Mail, IRC, Remote server tp&Sdaom Network
services rsm;taMumif;udk od&Sdxm;&rnf/ azmfjycJhaom service rsm;udk Linux ay:wGif
services taeESifh od&Sdem;vnfxm;onf/ ¤if; service rsm;tm; run aom service program
udk Daemon [kac:onf/ xdkYaMumifh WEB service onf http jzpfvsif service ay;aom
program rSm httpd jzpfonf/ ftp service twGuf ftpd, Mail service twGuf popd
ESifh IRC service twGuf ircd ponfjzifh jrifawGUEdkifonf/
rnfonfh service udkrqdk manage vkyfaom command rSm service jzpfonf/
Oyrm- network module udk manage vkyfvdkvsifservice
network start (network module tm; pwif&ef)
service network stop (network module tm; ydwfypf&ef)
service network restart (network module udk restart vkyf&ef)
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service ay;jcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; service tvdkuf tokH;jyKí service ay;aom port
rsm;udk od&Sdae&rnf/ Oyrm telnet onf port 33 ESifh ssh onf port 22 jzpfonf/ ssh
qdkonfrSm secure shell jzpfonf/ ssh twGuf command rSm sshd jzpfonf/ sshd onf
linux server rsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaom remote server software jzpfonf/ ssh udk
tokH;jyKrnfqdkygu atmufygtwdkif; tqifhvdkufvkyfaqmif&rnf/
yxrOD;pGm sshd service udk pwif&ygrnf/
service sshd start
xdkYaemuf rdrdpufwGif sshd service tvkyfwu,f vkyf^rvkyf odvdkvsif netstat
command jzifh Munfh&IEdkifonf/
netstat | grep 22 (service port of ssh)
xdkYaemuf rdrdpufESifh Network group wlaom tjcm;pufwpfvkH;wGif putty software jzifh
Linux sshd on xm;aom pufudk remote administration vkyfEkdifonf/ putty \ user
interface udk atmufwGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/
Host Name (or IP address) ae&mwGif sshd service on xm;aom Linux puf\
address udk&dkufoGif;&ygrnf/ Port wGif 22 jzpfNyD; Protocol wGif SSH jzpfygrnf/ Open udk
click aomtcgwGif warning message ay:vmrnfjzpfNyD; yes udk click vsif ssh on
xm;aom Linux puf\ login screen udk jrifawGUEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
wzef ssh on xm;aom linux pufwGif rdrd system twGif user rnfrQ
0ifa&mufokH;pGJaeaMumif; odvkdvsif w qdkaom command udkEdkyfNyD; Munfhygu putty
software okH;NyD; remote admin vkyfaeaom pufudk jrifawGUEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
49
WEB Service on Linux
Linux wGif tokH;jyKaom WEB service ay;onfh software rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf
apache WEB server onf Enterprise level txd vG,fulacsmarGUpGm tokH;jyKEkdifaom
aMumifh apache \ nature ESifh configuration udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Apache WEB server
Apache onf open source server wpfckjzpfNyD; server \ factory default setting
jzifhyif oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom WEB site rsm;udk service ay;Edkifonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
apache onf multi sit connection jzpfNyD; pdwfBudKuf configure vkyfEdkifaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ apache \ configuration ESifh ywfoufNyD; tajccH WEB server wpfck
omreftvkyfvkyfEdkifaom configuration setting rsm;udk tqifhvdkuf atmufwGif azmfjyxm;
ygonf/
Linux wGif WEB service udk httpd(http deamon) jzifh udk,fpm;jyKonf/ xdkYaMumifh
httpd service udk service httpd start qkdaom command jzifh http service On
&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf apache WEB server \ configuration udk /etc/httpd/conf
atmufwGif &Sdaom httpd.conf file udk vi editor jzifh edit vkyf&ygrnf/ vi jzifh editor
vkyfaomtcg atmufygtwdkif; jrifawGUEdkifrnf jzpfyg section (1) \ server root
configure wGif ServerRoot "/etc/httpd" jzpfaMumif; onf ta&;BuD;onf/ apache
\ configuration wGif # sign ygvsif command r[kwfyJ description(remark) jzpfNyD;
rygvsif command jzpfonf/
ServerAdmin wGif rdrd\ e-Mail address udk &dkufoGif;Edkifonf/ Listing wGif 80 udk
awGUjrifEdkifrnf jzpfNyD; ¤if;rSm rdrd http service ay;aom port jzpfonf/ tu,fí xdk port
udk rdrdpdwfBudKuf port jyifxm;vdku jyifEkdifonf/ ServerName wGif new.host.name:80 udk
awGUjrifEdkifrnf jzpfNyD; xdk line \atmufwGif ServerName rdrd IP address ESifh service
ay;rnfh port udk a&ShqkH;ü # sign rygyJ &dkufoGif;&rnf/
tu,fí DNS service &SdaecJhygu ¤if;ae&mwGif rdrdwdkY puf emrnf odkYr[kwf site
name udk &dkufoGif;Edkifonf/ rdrd\ Web Server jcif;tm; netstat –an | grep 80 jzifh
Munfhygu Port 80 tvkyfvkyfaeygu Server Run aeNyDjzpfonf/
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xdkYaemuf atmufodkY qufvuf Munfhygu DocumentRoot udk awGUEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
Document root qdkonfrSm WEB site rsm;xm;aom directory jzpfonf/ Default
DocumentRoot rSm /var/www/html jzpfNyD; WEB site rsm;udk ¤if; directory atmufodkY
xm;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ qufvufNyD; Directory tydkif;odkY a&mufvsif Directory \
configure udk DocumentRoot ESifh wlnDatmifxm;&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdpufonf WEB
server vkyfrnf[k &nf&G,fcJhygvsif /var udk partition owfowfcGJjcm;NyD; disk space
rsm;rsm;xm;ay;&rnf/ xdkYaemuf DirectoryIndex tydkif;wGif WEB site \ yxrOD;qkH; home
page \ name ESifh wnfae&mudk azmfjy&dkufoGif;rnf qdkvsif WEB server wpfck
atmifjrifpGm configura vkyfNyD; jzpfonf/
rSefuefaom configuration NyD;ygu httpd services udk restart vkyfay;&ygrnf/
odkYrSom configuration vkyfxm;aom effect onf oufa&mufrI &Sdrnfjzpfonf/ rdrd pufwGif
WEB server run aeonfudk Munhfvdkygu tjcm;pufrS web browser wGif proxy setting
tm; WEB server \ IP Esifh port udk setting csay;NyD; URL address ae&mü WEB server
address ESifh port udk&dkufoGif;ygu apache \ Welcome screen udk jrifawGUEdkifrnf
jzpfonf/
WEB service tm; puf pwifzGifhonfESifh tvdktavsmuf start vkyf&eftwGuf
setting csxm;ay;Edkifonf/ comma
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