These have been around for quite a while, but popped up on reddit this week: 100 Basic to Intermediate grammar and kanji sheets. Each lesson introduces a useful piece of grammar, sometimes some background on it, nice examples and points to note, and usually the Kanji associated with it.

click the picture to see all 100

Some pages are double-sided, some single. Why not print them out and make a folder out of these for quick reference? You might wanna change them to black and white, unless you have a lot of blue ink around. Or throw them in anything that will read a PDF file.

Pera Pera Penguin

I've tried a LOT of flashcard games/apps over the years. Right back from my DS days, when I was using DSLearnJ, through Anki, Anki mobile, Japanese Flip (which is my second favourite), and finally I have found it. The definitive Japanese flashcard program.

All the functions that I wished the other flashcard programs had, this one has. It's called, quite descriptively, Japanese Flash. It uses a space-retrieval system which shows you the cards that you don't know a lot more than the ones you do know, and it has the option of 'burying' cards, for either those words that really aren't useful to you, or you are sure you have already mastered.

There is also the option to download examples (download all in one big pack, no need for net access), which can be displayed with a simple swipe of the screen. This is magical! Finally a way to not only know what the word's dictionary definition is, but a way to see it used in a sentence (and usually many sentences!). It also includes a dictionary for searching words.

Not only that but it comes with what seems like more than 100 sets, including revised JLPT sets, casual sets, specific language sets (e.g. Law, Buddhism, Baseball, Linguistics etc.), survival Japanese and it gives you the ability to make your own set.

The only downside at all to this program is the $8 price tag. Though, of any program I have ever used, this one seems the most worth it. And hey, if you're a pirate, you could probably pirate it too.

Japanese Flash on iTunes

Perhaps because of historical reasons (the closed country period, the periods of internal strife and non-unified Japan), a lot of dialects in Japanese have survived and are still used today.

First of all, the dialect of Japanese that you learn abroad is probably 標準語 hyoujungo or 'standard Japanese.' It must be noted that this standard Japanese is by all definitions a dialect. It is the dialect spoken in Tokyo, the capital of Japan. This official status has granted it widespread use and understanding.

But don't be fooled. There are a lot of other dialects out there. Some are rather similar, largely differing only in the use of 語尾 gobi, the often emotive sentence ending particles. Others, though, inflect grammar differently (for example, maybe they negate verbs differently, or even different verbs altogether), and use different words to refer to the same things.

Some dialects are not so tough, and even a foreginer might be able to make heads or tails of them. Others will probably sound more like Korean to a beginner. Take 関西弁 kansai-ben, the language spoken around Kansai (think Kyoto, Oosaka, Nara). It's different, but not to the point where you'll break down crying.

On the other hand though, are the Ryuukyuu dialects, which use many, many different vocabulary items, inflections and gobi. Kagoshima-ben probably deserves a mention, in that it was apparently deliberately made difficult to master to deter spies in times of war.

Outside of Japan, and outside of their respective prefectures, it may be rare to encounter non-standard dialects of Japanese. One that has gotten a lot of media attention is Kansai-ben, which is actually broken down further into Kyouto-ben, Oosaka-ben, Wakayama-ben etc, each differing a little.

Interestingly, a few people have differing opinions on their dialects. Working at a Japanese restaurant, I get to encounter people from all over (though, notably, many from Kantou). Of course, when speaking formally, the Toukyou dialect is demanded, but the interesting part lies in casual conversation.

One guy talked flat-out in (what I think was) Kyouto-ben. It took me out of my comfort zone for a while, but it does grow on you. Another girl　had dropped her native Awa-ben (Shikoku area?), for the Kansai variation.

Others still prefer to speak Hyoujungo over their own dialects. There may be psychological or cultural reasons for this, but I can't go into those based purely on observation.

One Kansai speaker, told me that he and apparently many other Kansai-jin feel that the Toukyou dialect has an air of arrogance, or the feeling that one is talking down to another. This, by contrast, would seem to imply that Kansai-ben is more friendly. This may be why Kansai Comedians are so damned funny?

Anyway. Check out Wikipedia's page for more detail on Japanese dialects than I plan to go into, ever.

For those interested in Kansai-ben (I love it v___v), check out this very detailed page, which takes a rather in-depth linguistic look at the major dialect.